However, by 1906, the English Court of Appeal had made it clear in the decision of Automatic Self-Cleansing Filter Syndicate Co v Cunningham 2 Ch 34 that the division of powers between the board and the shareholders in general meaning depended on the construction of the articles of association and that, where the powers of management were vested in the board, the general meeting could not interfere with their lawful exercise.

Some states enacted reception statutes as legislative statutes, while other states received the English common law through provisions of the state's constitution, and some by court decision.

In English law it is usually created by the decision of a higher court, such as the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom, which took over the judicial functions of the House of Lords in 2009.

The doctrine states that within the hierarchy of the English courts a decision by a superior court will be binding on inferior courts.

This decision to return was also fuelled by the realisation that with Richard campaigning in the Holy Land, English possessions in northern France ( Normandy ) would be open for attack.

Advising the English King of his precarious predicament, he persuaded John to abandon his opposition to Papal investiture and agreed to accept the Papal Legate's decision in any ecclesiastical disputes as final.

During the English Civil War anything which tended to prolong the struggle, or seemed like want of energy and avoidance of a decision, was bitterly resented by the men of both sides.

* July 6 – Sir Thomas More, author of Utopia and one time Lord Chancellor of England, is executed for treason by King Henry VIII, after refusing to agree to Henry's decision to separate the English Church from the Roman Catholic Church.

In 1139 Osbert went to Rome to petition for Edward's canonisation with the support of King Stephen, but he lacked the full support of the English hierarchy and Stephen had quarrelled with the church, so Pope Innocent II postponed a decision, declaring that Osbert lacked sufficient testimonials of Edward's holiness.

Nevertheless, this lesson was slow to sink in and at first the VOC made the strategic decision to improve its military position on the Malabar Coast ( hoping thereby to curtail English influence in the area, and end the drain on its resources from the cost of the Malabar garrisons ) by using force to compel the Zamorin of Calicut to submit to Dutch domination.

Their decision was influenced in part by the fact that most of the claimants had large estates in England and, therefore, would have lost them if they had defied the English king.

Before the Battle of Agincourt, victory looks uncertain, and the young king's heroic character emerges in his decision to wander around the English camp at night, in disguise, so as to comfort his soldiers and determine what they really think of him.

Cohen pointed out ways in which the 18th-century terminology and punctuation of the 1729 translation might be confusing to modern readers, but he also made severe criticisms of the 1934 modernized English version, and showed that the revisions had been made without regard to the original, also demonstrating gross errors " that provided the final impetus to our decision to produce a wholly new translation ".

The second full English translation, into modern English, is the work that resulted from this decision by collaborating translators I. Bernard Cohen and Anne Whitman ; it was published in 1999 with a guide by way of introduction.

But the decision to use Old Norse names came to have far-reaching consequences in the composition of The Lord of the Rings ; in 1942, Tolkien decided that the work was to be a purported translation from the fictional language of Westron, and in the English translation Old Norse names were taken to represent names in the language of Dale.

Normandy came virtually under English control, but a decision was made to focus on northern France, leaving Normandy under the control of England's vassal allies instead.

The news of this decision reached London on 12 March 1652 and the Commonwealth too began to prepare for war, but as both nations were unready, war might have been delayed if not for an unfortunate encounter between the fleets of Dutch Lieutenant-Admiral Maarten Tromp and General at Sea Robert Blake in the English Channel near Dover on 29 May 1652.

" The publisher's decision did not have the support of the book's authors and was criticised by some who claimed it was incompatible with freedom of speech and with freedom of the press and that it indicated that English libel laws were excessively strict.

This decision was worked out in 1617, with outside input from the English ambassador Dudley Carleton.

Both sides now no longer restrained their forces, striving for a decision ; even the French fought hard, but for the fourth time allowed themselves to get separated from the English fleet.

The campaign was a complete success, convincing the English people that such a plan really existed ; it was greatly aided by the decision by Charles's brother James, the Duke of York, to lay down his position as Lord High Admiral, which was generally ( and correctly ) interpreted as a sign that James had in secret become a Catholic and was therefore unable to abjure the transubstantiation doctrine, as the Test Act demanded of all officials.

In the Northern Territory, for example, bilingual programs for Indigenous students were begun with Federal Government support in the early 1970s but by December 1998 the Northern Territory Government had announced its decision to shift $ 3 million away from the 21 bilingual programs to a Territory-wide program teaching English as a second language.

The Malaysian government recently reversed its decision to have Maths and Science taught in English, but is implementing different programmes designed to improve English language teaching within schools.

* May 26 – Judgement in Donoghue v Stevenson handed down in the House of Lords, creating the neighbour principle in English law.

In an address to the Irish Senate in December 2006 John O ' Donoghue, the then Minister for Arts, Sport and Tourism also expressed the opinion that it was a matter for those who bore these titles to decide on the system they used for succession, but that he found it strange that an English system had been used for the succession of titles originally created under a native Irish system.

Steve Donoghue ( 8 November 188423 March 1945 ) was a leading English flat-race jockey in the 1910s and 1920s.

Lesbian writer Emma Donoghue found that the term lesbian ( with its modern meaning ) was in use in the English language from at least the 17th century.

The English case of R v. Coney in 1882 found that a bare-knuckle fight was an assault occasioning actual bodily harm, despite the consent of the participants.

In an 1842 English case, Winterbottom v. Wright, the postal service had contracted with Wright to maintain its coaches.

The case of R v. Dudley and Stephens ( 1884 ) 14 QBD 273 ( QB ) is an English case which dealt with four crew members of an English yacht, the Mignonette, who were cast away in a storm some from the Cape of Good Hope.

During the Irving v Penguin Books and Lipstadt trial it became evident that the court need to identify what was an " objective historian " in the same vein as the reasonable person, and reminiscent of the standard traditionally used in English law of " the man on the Clapham omnibus ".

Examples include English / f, s / ( voiceless ), / v, z / ( voiced ), etc.

The legal doctrine was first formulated by Baron Pollock in the 1863 English case Byrne v Boadle.

In District of Columbia v. Heller ( 2008 ), the Supreme Court did not accept this view, remarking that the English right at the time of the passing of the English Bill of Rights was " clearly an individual right, having nothing whatsoever to do with service in the militia " and that it was a right not to be disarmed by the crown and was not the granting of a new right to have arms.

In the English case of R v Turner ( 2006 ), the manager of a sports centre filmed four women taking showers.

Another English case in 2009, R v Wilkins ( 2010 ), resulted in a man who filmed his intercourse with five of his lovers for his own private viewing, being sentenced to imprisonment for eight months and ordered to sign the Sex Offenders Register, where his name would remain for ten years.

The Germanic phoneme was therefore written as ‹ vv › or ‹ uu › (‹ u › and ‹ v › becoming distinct only by the Early Modern period ) by the 7th or 8th century by the earliest writers of Old English and Old High German.

An obsolete, cursive form found in the nineteenth century in both English and German was in the form of an " n " whose rightmost branch curved around as in a cursive " v ".

) It is usually pronounced / v /, but in some words of English origin it may be pronounced / w /.

Two days later, Blatter stated that he deplored the " evident referee mistakes " in the England v Germany and Mexico v Argentina matches, and apologised to the English Football Association and the Mexican Football Federation ( the two organizations directly concerned by the referees ' mistakes ), acknowledging that Lampard had indeed scored against Germany and that Tévez's goal against Mexico had been scored from an offside position.

McDonald's Corporation v Steel & Morris EWHC QB 366, known as " the McLibel case " was an English lawsuit filed by McDonald's Corporation against environmental activists Helen Steel and David Morris ( often referred to as " The McLibel Two ") over a pamphlet critical of the company.

Geoffrey Chaucer also did much to popularize this view among speakers of English with his Canterbury Tales ( Wife of Bath's Prologue, v. 117-118 )

The vast majority of legal scholars have concluded that in writing the Schenck opinion Justice Holmes never meant to replace the " bad tendency " test which had been established in the 1868 English case R. v. Hicklin and incorporated into American jurisprudence in the 1904 Supreme Court case U. S. ex rel.

As with г above, Ukrainians use в to spell both English " v " and " w "; Russians tend to instead opt for using у for " w ".

Seven years after the Dartmouth College opinion, the Supreme Court decided Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts v. Town of Pawlet ( 1823 ), in which an English corporation dedicated to missionary work, with land in the U. S., sought to protect its rights to that land under colonial-era grants against an effort by the state of Vermont to revoke the grants.

* Unlicensed prize fights and other criminal activities of a sporting nature where the players consent and the audience actively approves of what they see ( in English law, see R v Coney ).

It was held in R v Dawson and James ( 1978 ) that " force " is an ordinary English word and its meaning should be left to the jury.