Thus, theory and doctrine applicable among the great nations and the smaller European states did not really comfortably fit less developed and less powerful societies elsewhere.

Steven Harper states " Wesley does not place the substitionary element primarily within a legal framework ... Rather doctrine seeks to bring into proper relationship the ' justice ' between God's love for persons and God's hatred of sin ... it is not the satisfaction of a legal demand for justice so much as it is an act of mediated reconciliation.

The doctrine of open theism states that God is omnipresent, omnipotent, and omniscient, but differs on the nature of the future.

The Calvinist doctrine of unconditional election states that salvation cannot be earned or achieved and is therefore not conditional upon any human effort, so faith is not a condition of salvation but the divinely apportioned means to it.

Hierocles, writing in the 5th century, states that Ammonius ' fundamental doctrine was that Plato and Aristotle were in full agreement with each other:

" Jefferson " thus set forth a radical doctrine of states ' rights that effectively undermined the constitution.

The influence of Jefferson's doctrine of states ' rights reverberated right up to the Civil War and beyond.

James Corum states a prevalent myth about the Luftwaffe and its blitzkrieg operations is that it had a doctrine of terror bombing, in which civilians were deliberately targeted in order to break the will or aid the collapse of an enemy.

The ancient Roman Catholic tradition overcame this idea with the doctrine of the " Two Swords " and so achieved, for the very first time, a balanced constitution for states.

However, this overlooks those parts of scripture which provide for the doctrine of the " Two Swords " and for the medieval Roman Catholic concept of the powers of kings to protect the Christian Constitution of states, to defend and extend the boundaries of Christendom by lawful means only, to protect and defend the innocent, the weak, the poor and the vulnerable, and to protect the church and the papacy with the king's own life, if necessary.

The doctrine of the infallibility of ecumenical councils states that solemn definitions of ecumenical councils, approved by the Pope, which concern faith or morals, and to which the whole Church must adhere are infallible.

The dogmatic constitution states that the Pope has " full and supreme power of jurisdiction over the whole Church " ( chapter 3: 9 ); and that, when he " speaks ex cathedra, that is, when, in the exercise of his office as shepherd and teacher of all Christians, in virtue of his supreme apostolic authority, he defines a doctrine concerning faith or morals to be held by the whole Church, he possesses, by the divine assistance promised to him in blessed Peter, that infallibility which the divine Redeemer willed his Church to enjoy in defining doctrine concerning faith or morals " ( chapter 4: 9 ).

The doctrine of human rights in international practice, within international law, global and regional institutions, in the policies of states and in the activities of non-governmental organizations, has been a cornerstone of public policy around the world.

Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy calls it " right libertarianism " but states: " Libertarianism is often thought of as ' right-wing ' doctrine.

" Jefferson " thus set forth a radical doctrine of states ' rights that effectively undermined the constitution.

The influence of Jefferson's doctrine of states ' rights reverberated right up to the Civil War and beyond.

In opposition to the German submissions, the United States argued that the Vienna Convention did not grant rights to individuals, only to states ; that the convention was meant to be exercised subject to the laws of each state party, which in the case of the United States meant subject to the doctrine of procedural default ; and that Germany was seeking to turn the ICJ into an international court of criminal appeal.

Here he states that the Christian moral doctrine provides people with intrinsic value, belief in God ( which justifies the evil in the world ) and a basis for objective knowledge.

" Ludwig von Mises states that he relaid the general sociological and economic foundations of the liberal doctrine upon utilitarianism, rather than natural law, but R. A. Gonce argues that " the reality of the argument constituting his system overwhelms his denial.

Of the various U. S. states, California was the first to throw away the fiction of a warranty and to boldly assert the doctrine of strict liability in tort for defective products, in 1963 ( under the guidance of then-Associate Justice Roger J. Traynor ).

In the common law of negligence, the doctrine of res ipsa loquitur ( Latin for " the thing speaks for itself ") states that the elements of duty of care and breach can be sometimes inferred from the very nature of an accident or other outcome, even without direct evidence of how any defendant behaved.

In some states, the doctrine of res ipsa loquitur is also used as a method of proving the intent or mens rea element of the inchoate crime of attempt.

Jain doctrine states that an object has infinite modes of existence and qualities and they cannot be completely perceived in all its aspects and manifestations, due to inherent limitations of the humans.

In coining the word Altruism, as stated above, Comte was probably opposing this Thomistic doctrine, which is present in some theological schools within Catholicism.

Trinitarianism remained the dominant doctrine in all major branches of the Eastern and Western Church and later within Protestantism until modern times.

An example of such a state within the common law jurisdiction, and using the black letter legal doctrine is Canada.

Some within the ELCA argued that requiring the historic episcopate would contradict the traditional Lutheran doctrine that the church exists wherever the Word is preached and Sacraments are practiced.

Most of his political measures, indeed, stood the test of experience, but in ecclesiastico-political matters he witnessed with sorrow the gradual decline of Catholicism and the spread of Lutheranism within his dominions, in spite of his earnest efforts and forcible prohibition of the new doctrine.

Belief in Mary's immaculate conception is not a doctrine within Anglicanism, although it is shared by many Anglo-Catholics.

Some Anglicans reject the doctrine that Mary was sinless and conceived without original sin, often citing that it is not within the Holy Scripture and is against the Redemptive role and purpose of Jesus Christ merited for all human beings.

The work is part of a larger scheme of decoration within the chapel which represents much of the doctrine of the Catholic Church.

Under the doctrine of stare decisis, a lower court must honor findings of law made by a higher court that is within the appeals path of cases the court hears.

As well, there was no spread of this doctrine within the New World and the advanced civilizations of the Aztec, Maya, Inca, Mohican, Delaware, Huron and especially the Iroquois.

The security of the believer is a doctrine held within Pentecostalism ; nevertheless, faith and repentance are necessary for salvation and remain necessary for the continuance of that salvation.

After Smith's death, the doctrine of pre-mortal existence was elaborated by some other Latter Day Saint leaders, primarily within The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints and its breakoffs.

In the 8th Circuit case of Treanor v. MCI Telecommunications, Inc., the court explained that the continuing violations doctrine " tolls freezes the statute of limitations in situations where a continuing pattern forms due to acts occurring over a period of time, as long as at least one incident … occurred within the limitations period ".

Ohlin was also a leading figure within the school of doctrine with the same name, the so-called Stockholm school ; a group of leading Scandinavian economists influenced by Knut Wicksell, most of them active in Stockholm, either at the Stockholm School of Economics or the Stockholm University College.

A further proclamation of 1538, aiming to stop the spread of Lutheran doctrine, saw Henry VIII note that " sondry contentious and sinyster opiniones, have by wrong teachynge and naughtye bokes increaced and growen within this his realme of England ", and declare that all authors and printers must allow the Privy Council or their agents to read and censor books before publication.

They state that lack of definition of obscenity in the statutes, coupled with the existence of hypothetical entities and standards as ultimate arbiters within the Miller Test ( hypothetical " reasonable persons " and " contemporary community standards ") proves that federal obscenity laws are in fact not defined, do not satisfy the vagueness doctrine, and thus are unenforceable and legally dubious.

Alabama is, therefore, entitled to the sovereignty and jurisdiction over all the territory within her limits ... to maintain any other doctrine, is to deny that Alabama has been admitted into the union on an equal footing with the original states ... to Alabama belong the navigable waters and soils under them.

Modern liberal Protestant denominations are often accused by Trinitarians within their ranks, and critics outside, of being indifferent to the doctrine, and therefore self-isolated from their respective Trinitarian pasts and heritage.

Although guanxi is associated with the traditional Confucianist doctrine, guanxi ties were strongly developed during the Mao Zedong government ( 1949 – 1976 ), particularly due to the work unit system, which led many workers to construct strong social networks within their units, thus improving their ability to enjoy important resources and privileges.

They placed their own actions within the U. S. Cold War doctrine of " National Security " against internal subversion.

Calhoun proposed the theory of a concurrent majority through the doctrine of nullification —- " the right of a State to interpose, in the last resort, in order to arrest an unconstitutional act of the General Government, within its limits.

The doctrine would be made effective by this tactic of nullification, a veto that would suspend the law within the boundaries of the state.