" In other words, Achilles is an embodiment of the grief of the people, grief being a theme raised numerous times in the Iliad ( frequently by Achilles ).

* In Iliad 9. 165-93 three characters, Phoinix, Odysseus, and Aias set out on an embassy to Achilleus ; however, at line 182 the poet uses a verb in the dual form to indicate that there are only two people going ; at lines 185ff.

His birth name was Scamandrius ( in Greek Σκαμάνδριος or Σκάμανδρος, after the river Scamander ), but the people of Troy nicknamed him Astyanax ( i. e. high king, or overlord, of the city ), because he was the son of the city's great defender ( Iliad VI, 403 ) and the heir apparent's firstborn son.

Examples of such epics include the Nibelungenlied of the Germanic people, the Iliad for the Ancient Greeks and Hellenized societies, the Silappadhikaram of the South Indian people, the Ramayana and Mahabharata of the North Indian people, the Gilgamesh of the Mesopotamian-Sumerian civilization and the people of the Fertile Crescent at large, The Book of One Thousand and One Nights ( Arabian nights ) of the Arab world and the Sundiata epic of the Mandé people.

In the minds of the Chilean people La Araucana is a kind of Iliad that exalts the heroism, pride, and contempt of pain and death of the legendary Araucanian leaders and makes them national heroes today.

Homer, in the Iliad, mentions the Curetes () as a legendary people who took part in the quarrel over the Calydonian Boar.

Jaynes asserted that, until roughly the times written about in Homer's Iliad, humans did not generally have the self-awareness characteristic of consciousness as most people experience it today.

The Dipylon Geometric pottery of Athens and the Iliad are amazing manifestations of the inherent potentialities of Greek civilization ; ;

One of the greatest Homerists of our time, Frederick M. Combellack, argues that when it is assumed The Iliad and The Odyssey are oral poems, the postulated single redactor called Homer cannot be either credited with or denied originality in choice of phrasing.

Combellack argues further, and here he makes his main point, that once The Iliad and The Odyssey are thought formulaic poems composed for an audience accustomed to formulaic poetry, Homeric critics are deprived of an entire domain they previously found arable.

Other theories of origin are compatible with the formulaic theory: Beowulf may contain a design for terror, and The Iliad may have a vast hysteron-proteron pattern answering to a ceramic pattern produced during the Geometric Period in pottery.

The other names are the Danaans (, Danaoi used 138 times in the Iliad ), Argives ( used 182 times in the Iliad ) while Hellenes (, Hellenes ) was used only once.

The premier examples of its use are Homer's Iliad and Odyssey and Virgil's Aeneid.

The hexameter was first used by early Greek poets of the oral tradition, and the most complete extant examples of their works are the Iliad and the Odyssey, which influenced the authors of all later classical epics that survive today.

* Homer's Iliad at Gutenberg ( there are many different translations at Gutenberg )

In the Iliad, Hector's exploits in the war prior to the events of the book are recapitulated.

The last lines of the Iliad are dedicated to Hector's funeral.

" The three cities I love best ," the ox-eyed Queen of Heaven declares ( Iliad, book iv ) " are Argos, Sparta and Mycenae of the broad streets.

Homer expressed her relationship with Zeus delicately in the Iliad, in which she declares to Zeus, " I am Cronus ' eldest daughter, and am honourable not on this ground only, but also because I am your wife, and you are king of the gods.

These are the " heroic " societies familiar to us from epics like the Iliad and the Ramayana.

Thus, in addition to the Iliad and the Odyssey, there are " exceptional " epics which organize their respective themes on a " massive scale ".

The Batrachomyomachia, Homeric Hymns and cyclic epics are generally agreed to be later than the Iliad and the Odyssey.

An analysis of the structure and vocabulary of the Iliad and Odyssey shows that the poems contain many formulaic phrases typical of extempore epic traditions ; even entire verses are at times repeated.

There is no strong antipathy of race or religion ; the war turns on no political events ; the capture of Troy lies outside the range of the Iliad ; and even the protagonists are not comparable to the chief national heroes of Greece.

740 BC, appears to refer to a text of the Iliad ; likewise, illustrations seemingly inspired by the Polyphemus episode in the Odyssey are found on Samos, Mykonos and in Italy, dating from the first quarter of the seventh century BC.

In the Iliad and Odyssey there are several epithets to describe Odysseus.

Examples of epic poems are Homer's Iliad and Odyssey, Virgil's Aeneid, the Nibelungenlied, Luís de Camões ' Os Lusíadas, the Cantar de Mio Cid, the Epic of Gilgamesh, the Mahabharata, Valmiki's Ramayana, Ferdowsi's Shahnama, Nizami ( or Nezami )' s Khamse ( Five Books ), and the Epic of King Gesar.

It has been suggested that two styles of combat are being described ; an early style, with thrusting spears, dating to the Mycenaean period in which the Iliad is set, and, anachronistically, a later style, with throwing spears, from Homer's own Archaic period.

The most important literary sources are the two epic poems traditionally credited to Homer, the Iliad and the Odyssey

Hanna Roisman explains that the characters in the Iliad ignore the discrepancy between the quality of Nestor's advice and its outcomes is because, in the world of the Iliad, " outcomes are ultimately in the hands of the ever arbitrary and fickle gods ... heroes are not necessarily viewed as responsible when things go awry.

The poem is fundamental to the modern Western canon, and is the second oldest extant work of Western literature, the Iliad being the first.

In the Iliad, the Achaeans set up their camp near the mouth of the River Scamander ( presumably modern Karamenderes ), where they had beached their ships.

" In fact one modern scholar has observed in Bacchylides a general tendency towards imitation, sometimes approaching the level of quotation: in this case, the eagle simile in Ode 5 may be thought to imitate a passage in the Homeric Hymn to Demeter ( 375 – 83 ), and the countless leaves fluttering in the wind on " the gleaming headlands of Ida ", mentioned later in the ode, recall a passage in Iliad ( 6. 146 – 9 ).

In many oral traditions, both early and modern, the lament has been a genre usually performed by women: Batya Weinbaum made a case for the spontaneous lament of women chanters in the creation of the oral tradition that resulted in the Iliad The material of lament, the " sound of trauma " is as much an element in the Book of Job as in the genre of pastoral elegy, such as Shelley's " Adonais " or Matthew Arnold's " Thyrsis ".

A number of cult sites known in Classical times were dedicated to known heroes in the Greek and modern senses, especially of the Iliad and other episodes of the Epic Cycle.

Karamenderes is the modern name of the river Scamander, along the lower course of which, according to the Iliad, the battles of the Trojan War were fought.

Despite being poorly attested, the Aethiopis is frequently cited in modern scholarship on the Homeric Iliad.

Only two Pelagonians are known to us: the one, the mythological Pelagon, the eponymous of the region, was son of the river-god Axius ( modern Vardar ) and father of the Paeonian Asteropaeus in the Iliad.

One view which attempts to bridge the differences holds that the Iliad was composed by " Homer " in his maturity, while the Odyssey was a work of his old age.

* The novel Daughter of Troy by Sarah B. Franklin is written from Briseis ' point of view with a substantial pre-history before the events of the Iliad unfold.

He held the view that the Iliad and Odyssey are now substantially as they were originally composed.

The Cypria, in presupposing an acquaintance with the events of the Homeric poem, in the received view thus formed a kind of introduction to the Iliad though there is an overlap in events from the death of Palamedes, including the catalogue of Trojan allies.