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In the Ming and Qing dynasties, the Four Books and Five Classics were the subject of mandatory study by those Confucian scholars who wished to become government officials.
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Ming and Qing
The Manchu allied with the Ming Dynasty general Wu Sangui to seize Beijing, which was made the capital of the Qing dynasty, and then proceeded to subdue the remaining Ming's resistance in the south.
Over the next half-century, all areas previously under the Ming Dynasty were consolidated under the Qing.
In 1683, the Qing staged an amphibious assault on southern Taiwan, bringing down the rebel Grand Duchy of Tungning, which was founded by the Ming loyalist Koxinga in 1662 after the fall of the Southern Ming, and had served as a base for continued Ming resistance in Southern China.
* Mote, Frederick W. Imperial China, 900 – 1800 Harvard University Press, 1999, 1, 136 pages, the authoritative treatment of the Song, Yuan, Ming, and Qing dynasties ;
Chaste widows were revered as heroes during the Ming and Qing periods, and were deemed so central to China ’ s culture and the fate of all peoples, the Yongle Emperor distributed 10, 000 copies of the Biographies of Exemplary Women ( Lienü Zhuan ) to various non-Chinese countries for their moral instruction.
The Yuan and Qing Dynasties, which might be thought " foreign " as their imperial families were not of the Han people, faithfully carried out the tradition, writing the official histories of Han-ruled Song and Ming Dynasties respectively.
" According to Anders Hansson, by the Ming and Qing dynasties, " upward mobility into the elite was theoretically possible for virtually all male commoners.
Although the historical characters may have lived in an earlier period ( such as the Song or Tang dynasty ) most stories are written in the latter Ming or Qing period.
Classical Chinese painting continued on into the early modern Qing Dynasty, with highly realistic portrait paintings like seen in the late Ming Dynasty of the early 17th century.
The Qing Dynasty that came after the Ming often continued the latter dynasty's isolationist policies.
* 1644 – The Qing Dynasty Manchu forces led by the Shunzhi Emperor capture Beijing during the collapse of the Ming Dynasty.
It is a tacit assumption in many wuxia novels that the law and order in the actual historical setting were dysfunctional or poor, like the change of dynastic China from Song Dynasty to Yuan Dynasty, to Ming Dynasty and to Qing Dynasty, periods in time correlating to tremendous upheavals and turmoil in the society.
From at least the Yuan dynasty, plays that recounted the subversive tales of China's Robin Hoods to the Ming dynasty novels such as Water Margin, on down to the Qing dynasty novel Dream of the Red Chamber and beyond, there developed a literature in written vernacular Chinese ( 白話 / 白话 ; báihuà ).
As a practical measure, officials of the Ming and Qing dynasties carried out the administration of the empire using a common language based on Mandarin varieties, known as Guānhuà.
Smoking of opium came on the heels of tobacco smoking and may have been encouraged by a brief ban on the smoking of tobacco by the Ming emperor, ending in 1644 with the Qing dynasty, which had encouraged smokers to mix in increasing amounts of opium.
The original provinces of Qing China was based on the fifteen administrative units set up by the Ming Dynasty, though some minor reforms took place to become the eighteen provinces ( for example, Huguang was split into Hubei and Hunan provinces ).
Adopted the model used by the Yuan and Ming dynasties, the Qing provincial bureaucracy also contained three commissions: one civil, one military, and one for surveillance.
The Qing Dynasty inherited many important institutions from the preceding Ming Dynasty.
In contrast to the Ming system, however, Qing ethnic policy dictated that appointments were split between Manchu noblemen and Han officials who had passed the highest levels of the state examinations.
The Grand Secretariat (; Ma: 40px Dorgi yamun ), which had been an important policy-making body under the Ming Dynasty, lost its importance during the Qing Dynasty and evolved into an imperial chancery.
The institutions which had been inherited from the Ming Dynasty formed the core of the Qing " outer court ," which handled routine matters and was located in the southern part of the Forbidden City.
: Unlike its Ming predecessor, which had full control over all military matters, the Qing Board of War had very limited powers.
Ming and dynasties
It is deeply influenced by, but not identical with, the Neo-Confucianism of the Song and Ming dynasties.
* Section on the Ming and Qing dynasties of " China's Population: Readings and Maps.
Many wuxia works produced during the Ming and Qing dynasties were lost due to the governments ' strong crackdown and banning of such works.
* Ming Yuan Di, age 17, succeeds Dao Wu di as ruler of the Chinese Northern Wei ( see Northern dynasties ).
In the Ming and Qing dynasties, however, the water level in the Tonghui River dropped and it was impossible for ships to travel from Tongzhou to Beijing.
Beginning with the arrival of Dutch merchants in 1624, the traditional lands of the aborigines have been successively colonized by Dutch, Spanish, Han ( from both the Ming and Qing dynasties ), Japanese, and Taiwanese ( the Chinese Nationalist government, or Kuomintang ) rulers.
The Qing Dynasty, which replaced the Shun and Ming dynasties in China, was founded by Manchus from Manchuria ( modern Northeastern China ).
This principle made it possible for dynasties founded by non-noble families such as Han Dynasty and Ming Dynasty or non-ethnic Han dynasties such as the Mongol-led Yuan Dynasty and Manchu-led Qing Dynasty.
# Emperors of the Ming and Qing dynasties: use era names ( reign names ) because most emperors had only one distinctive era name during their reign, e. g. Emperor Kangxi ( 康熙 kāng xī ) of Qing.
This principle made it possible even for peasants to found new dynasties, as happened with the Han and Ming dynasties, and for the establishment of conquest dynasties such as the Mongol-led Yuan Dynasty and Manchu-led Qing Dynasty.
The complex was visited by the Emperors of the Ming and Qing dynasties for annual ceremonies of prayer to Heaven for good harvest.
This trend continued during the Yuan and Ming dynasties.
Classical Chinese poetry composition became a conventional skill of the well educated throughout the Ming ( 1368 – 1644 ) and Qing ( 1644 – 1911 ) dynasties.
In China, however, there was no counterpart to the 19th century European explosion of revolution and romanticism The classic novels of the Ming and early Qing dynasties, represented a pinnacle not reached again.
During the Han, Tang, Song, and Ming dynasties, Chinese scholar-officials would often debate about the interference the government should have in the economy, such as setting monopolies in lucrative industries and instating price controls.
Eventually, in the later Song and Ming dynasties, state monopolies were abolished in every industry and were never reinstated during the length of that dynasty, with the government following laissez-faire policies.
A written vernacular based on Mandarin Chinese was used in novels in the Ming and Qing dynasties, and later refined by intellectuals associated with the May Fourth Movement.
Ming and Four
In the Ming Dynasty, Luo Guanzhong and Shi Nai ' an wrote Romance of the Three Kingdoms and Water Margin respectively, which became two of the Four Great Classical Novels of Chinese literature.
* The Four Great Classical Novels ( Si Da Ming Zhu 四大名著 ):
The Tang Dynasty witnessed a poetic flowering, while the Four Great Classical Novels of Chinese literature were written during the Ming and Qing Dynasties.
This theory is extensively developed in Andrew Plaks ' Four Masterworks of the Ming Novel.
The Four Masterworks of the Ming Novel.
In Water Margin by Shi Naian, another of the Four Great Classical Novels, five of the 108 outlaws at Liangshan Marsh-Guan Sheng, Lin Chong, Qin Ming, Huyan Zhuo and Dong Ping-are called " Five Tiger Generals " of the Liangshan cavalry.
Zhu codified the canon of Four Books ( the Great Learning, the Doctrine of the Mean, the Analects of Confucius, and the Mencius ) which in the subsequent Ming and Qing Dynasties were made the core of the official curriculum for the civil service examinations.
1500 – 1582 or 1505 – 1580 ), courtesy name Ruzhong ( 汝忠 ), pen name " Sheyang Hermit ," was a Chinese novelist and poet of the Ming Dynasty, and has been considered as the author of one of the Four Great Classical Novels of Chinese literature, Journey to the West.
* Wang Hui ( 1632 – 1717 ), one of the " Four Wangs " representing the orthodox school of painting during the Ming and early Qing dynasties
* Four Masters of the Ming Dynasty
Qin Ming is a fictional character in the Water Margin, one of the Four Great Classical Novels of Chinese literature.
His talent and versatility allowed him to become regarded as one of the Four Great Masters of the Ming Dynasty.
Kong Ming is a fictional character in the Water Margin, one of the Four Great Classical Novels of Chinese literature.
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