Sun Yat-sen was declared as President, but Sun was forced to turn power over to Yuan Shikai, who commanded the New Army and was Prime Minister under the Qing government, as part of the agreement to let the last Qing monarch abdicate ( a decision Sun would later regret ).

* Mote, Frederick W. Imperial China, 900 – 1800 Harvard University Press, 1999, 1, 136 pages, the authoritative treatment of the Song, Yuan, Ming, and Qing dynasties ;

It allows once " foreign " dynasties like the Mongol Yuan and the Manchu Qing as well as the Khitan Liao, Jurchen Jin to be appreciated as part of the Chinese tapestry, allegedly helping reduce the alienation of ethnic minorities living in China.

The title was briefly revived from 12 December 1915 to 22 March 1916 by President Yuan Shikai and again in early July 1917 when General Zhang Xun attempted to restore last Qing emperor Puyi to the throne.

It is a tacit assumption in many wuxia novels that the law and order in the actual historical setting were dysfunctional or poor, like the change of dynastic China from Song Dynasty to Yuan Dynasty, to Ming Dynasty and to Qing Dynasty, periods in time correlating to tremendous upheavals and turmoil in the society.

From at least the Yuan dynasty, plays that recounted the subversive tales of China's Robin Hoods to the Ming dynasty novels such as Water Margin, on down to the Qing dynasty novel Dream of the Red Chamber and beyond, there developed a literature in written vernacular Chinese ( 白話 / 白话 ; báihuà ).

Seeing a desperate situation unfold, the Qing government brought an unwilling Yuan Shikai back to military power, taking control of his Beiyang Army, with the initial goal of crushing the revolutionaries.

With Zaifeng gone, Yuan Shikai and his Beiyang commanders effectively dominated Qing politics.

Adopted the model used by the Yuan and Ming dynasties, the Qing provincial bureaucracy also contained three commissions: one civil, one military, and one for surveillance.

In addition to the six boards, there was a Lifan Yuan unique to the Qing government.

It was adopted as an official state religion by the Mongol Yuan dynasty and the Manchu Qing dynasty that ruled China.

This principle made it possible for dynasties founded by non-noble families such as Han Dynasty and Ming Dynasty or non-ethnic Han dynasties such as the Mongol-led Yuan Dynasty and Manchu-led Qing Dynasty.

During the Yuan and Qing dynasties China was ruled by ethnic Mongols and Manchus respectively after being conquered by them.

Among the most famous Emperors are Qin Shi Huang of the Qin Dynasty, Emperors Gaozu and Wu of the Han Dynasty, Emperor Taizong of the Tang Dynasty, Kublai Khan of the Yuan Dynasty, the Hongwu Emperor of the Ming Dynasty and the Kangxi Emperor of the Qing Dynasty.

Generally, in the Chinese dynastic cycle, Emperors founding a dynasty usually consolidated the Empire through absolute rule, examples including Qin Shi Huang of the Qin Dynasty, Taizong of the Tang Dynasty, Kublai Khan of the Yuan Dynasty, and Kangxi of the Qing Dynasty.

This principle made it possible even for peasants to found new dynasties, as happened with the Han and Ming dynasties, and for the establishment of conquest dynasties such as the Mongol-led Yuan Dynasty and Manchu-led Qing Dynasty.

Forms of address varied considerably during the Yuan and Qing Dynasties.

Yuan Shikai ( 16 September 1859 – 6 June 1916 ) was an important Chinese general and politician, famous for his influence during the late Qing Dynasty, his role in the events leading up to the abdication of the last Qing Emperor of China, his autocratic rule as the second President of the Republic of China ( following Sun Yatsen ), and his short-lived attempt to revive the Chinese monarchy, with himself as the " Great Emperor of China.

Using his father's connections, Yuan travelled to Tengzhou, Shandong, and sought a post in the Qing Brigade.

Yuan took the side of the pro foreign faction in the Imperial Court, along with Prince Qing, Li Hongzhang and Ronglu, he refused to side with the Boxers and attack the Eight Nation Alliance forces, joining with other Chinese governors who commanded substantial modernized armies like Zhang Zhidong not participating in the Boxer Rebellion.

Having this strategic military support, Yuan held the balance of power between various revolutionaries ( like Sun Yat-sen ) and the Qing Court.

Both the Qing court and Yuan were fully aware that the Beiyang Army was the only Qing force powerful enough to quell the revolutionaries.

The Troubled Empire: China in the Yuan and Ming Dynasties ( 2010 ) 329 pages.

The Song Dynasty (; Wade-Giles: Sung Ch ' ao ; ) was a ruling dynasty in China between 960 and 1279 ; it succeeded the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms Period, and was followed by the Yuan Dynasty.

However, this seems to take on a different light in considering the somewhat paradoxical situation that after the Song Dynasty, China's ruling dynasties were often of Inner Asia ethnicities, such as Qidan, Ruzhen, and Mongol of the Liao, Jin and Yuan Dynasties: according to historian John King Fairbank: the " influence on China of the great fact of alien conquest under the Liao-Jin-Yuan dynasties is just beginning to be explored.

After the Song and Yuan Dynasties, The Great Learning became a required textbook in schools and a required reading for imperial examinations.

It was a capital during the five dynasties of Xia, Shang, Guan, Zheng, and Han, and a prefecture during the eight dynasties of Sui, Tang, Five Dynasties, Song, Jin, Yuan, Ming, and Qing.

* History of Neo-Confucianism in the Song, Yuan and Ming Dynasties ( hangul: 송계원명이학통록, hanja: 宋季元明理學通錄 )

While most ruling dynasties in Chinese history were founded by native Chinese, there were also non-native or Conquest Dynasties established by non-Han Chinese people beyond the traditional border of China ( also known as China proper ), such as the Yuan founded by Mongols and the Qing founded by Manchus, who later conquered China and assumed the title of Emperor of China.

In the midst of the rival Yuan and Ming Dynasties, the Joseon Dynasty encouraged the development of national identity which once was threatened by the Mongols.

The Chinese Empire experienced the successive Sui, Tang, Liao, Yuan and Ming Dynasties.

The main buildings are the Stele Pavilions ( e. g., Jin and Yuan Dynasties, 1115 – 1368 ), the Kuiwen Hall ( built in 1018, restored in 1504 during the Ming Dynasty and in 1985 ), the Xing Tan Pavilion (, Apricot Platform ), the De Mu Tian Di Arch, the Dacheng Hall ( built in the Qing Dynasty ), and the Hall of Confucius ' Wife.

The Yuan, Ming, and Qing Dynasties could neither fully assimilate nor control the aboriginal people.

Dong Yuan was active in the Southern Tang Kingdom of the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms Period.

During the Han Dynasty, it was associated with the powerful Yuan clan of Ru ' nan and later during Jin and Southern Dynasties, with the Yuan clan of Chen.

During the Eastern Jin and the Southern Dynasties period, the Chen Yuan established extensive marriage alliances with the other major clans, especially the Xie, whose ancestral lands were in the same county.

The Southern and Northern Dynasties showed such a high level of polarization between North and South that northerners and southerners referred to each other as barbarians ; the Mongol Yuan Dynasty also made use of the concept: Yuan subjects were divided into four castes, with northern Han Chinese occupying the second-lowest caste and southern Han Chinese occupying the lowest one.

Huguang () was a province of China during the Yuan and Ming Dynasties.

The Song Dynasty was a ruling Chinese dynasty in China between 960 – 1279 AD ; it succeeded the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms Period, and was followed by the Yuan Dynasty show that first mission to China from Chu-lien ( Chola ) reached that country in 1015 C. E.

Throughout the Yuan Dynasty, which lasted less than a century, there was relatively strong sentiment among the populace against the Mongol rule.

The School of Principle gained supremacy during the Song Dynasty with the philosophical system elaborated by Zhu Xi, which became mainstream and officially adopted by the government for the Imperial examinations under the Yuan Dynasty.

The Yuan dynasty in China, which had been receptive to European missionaries and merchants, was overthrown, and the new Ming rulers were found to be inward oriented and unreceptive to foreign religious proselytism.

Kaohsiung was upgraded to a special municipality on July 1, 1979, by the Executive Yuan, which approved this proposal on November 19, 1978.

Some Chinese submarines, including the Kilo and Yuan class submarines, are also thought to have air-independent propulsion, which would allow them to remain submerged for longer periods of time than they could previously maintain.

The first reliable scholarly reference to rockets in China occurs in the Ko Chieh Ching Yuan ( The Mirror of Research ), which states that in 998 AD a man named Tang Fu invented a rocket of a new kind having an iron head.

* Empress Yuan Leshang, an empress of the Northern Zhou Dynasty in China, later became a Buddhist nun who lived as a recluse, dying at an unknown date ( yet was still alive during the reign of Emperor Taizong of Tang, which ended in 649 )

* 1274 – November 20 – The Yuan Dynasty under Kublai Khan attempts the first of several invasions of Japan ; after capturing outlying islands, the Yuan forces are repulsed on the main island at the Battle of Bun ' ei by amassed Japanese warriors and a strong storm which batters their forces and fleet.

* 1286 – In Laos, King Panya Leng is overthrown in a coup d ' état led by his son Panya Khamphong, which is likely to have been supported by the regionally dominant Yuan Dynasty under Kublai Khan.

* Under the Yongle Emperor of Ming China, work begins to reinstate the ancient Grand Canal of China, which fell into disuse and dilapidation during the previous Yuan Dynasty.

* November 20 – Kublai Khan's Yuan Dynasty attempts the first of several invasions of Japan ( 30, 000 soldiers and support personnel sails from Korea ); after the Mongols capture outlying islands, they are repulsed on the main island at the Battle of Bun ' ei by amassed Japanese warriors and a strong storm which batters their forces and fleet.

* In the Lao kingdom of Muang Sua, King Panya Leng is overthrown in a coup d ' état led by his son Panya Khamphong, which is likely to have been supported by the regionally dominant Mongol Yuan Dynasty of China.

Meanwhile, in the North, aristocrat Li Yuan ( 李淵 ) held an uprising after which he ended up ascending the throne to become Emperor Gaozu of Tang.

Sun Ce complied, but first convinced Cao Cao to form a coalition against Yuan Shu, of which Liu Bei and Lü Bu were members.

After the Yuan Dynasty was evicted by the Han-led Ming Dynasty in 1368, the Ming rebuilt the Great Wall of China at its present location, which roughly follows the southern border of the modern Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region ( though it deviates significantly at the Hebei-Inner Mongolia border ).

In 20 November 1915, Yuan held a specially convened " Representative Assembly " which voted unanimously in favor of having Yuan become emperor.

A bixi ( stone tortoise ) with a stele in honor of Yuan Shikai, which was installed in Anyang's Huanyuan Park soon after his death, was ( partly ) restored in 1993.

Since the Khan conquered China and established the Yuan Dynasty which lasted from 1271 to 1368, this led to the renewal in China of the Tantric practices which had died out there many years earlier.

After the 2000 election of Chen Shui-bian as president, the presidency and the Legislative Yuan were controlled by different parties which brought forth a number of latent constitutional issues such as the role of the legislature in appointing and dismissing a premier, the right of the president to call a special session of the legislature, and who has the power to call a referendum.

The task of changing the national borders now requires a constitutional amendment passed by the Legislative Yuan and ratified by a majority of all eligible ROC voters, which the PRC has implied would constitute grounds for military attack.

Passing an amendment requires an unusually broad political consensus, which includes approval from three-quarters of a quorum of members of the Legislative Yuan.