In the immediate post-war era, the US and USSR both started rocket research programs based on the German wartime designs, especially the V-2.

The USSR developed a rocket launcher specifically for the deployment of incendiaries — the ΡΠΟ-80 ( RPO ) or Rocket-launched Infantry Flamethrower.

The Diamant rocket ( Diamant is French for " diamond ") was the first exclusively French expendable launch system and at the same time the first satellite launcher not built by either the USA or USSR.

The USSR attempted to launch a second Salyut-class station designated Durable Orbital Station-2 ( DOS-2 ) on 29 July 1972, but a rocket failure caused it to fail to achieve orbit.

After the DOS-2 failure, the USSR attempted to launch four more Salyut-class stations through 1975, with another failure due to an explosion of the final rocket stage, which punctured the station with shrapnel so that it wouldn't hold pressure.

In 1960, the USSR started developing a project under the codename " Шквал " ( Squall ) run by NII-24 ( Kiev ) to develop a high-speed torpedo, an underwater rocket, four to five times faster than traditional torpedoes capable of combating enemy submarines.

The USSR also had a separate strategic rocket force in charge of nuclear ICBMs.

On October 4, 1957, the Vanguard team learned of the launch of Sputnik 1 by the USSR while still working on a test vehicle ( TV-2 ) designed to test the first stage of their launcher rocket.

* RPG-7 anti-tank rocket ( USSR )

The rocket and space program of the USSR, initially boosted by the assistance of captured scientists from the advanced German rocket program, was performed mainly by Soviet engineers and scientists after 1955, and was based on some unique Soviet and Imperial Russian theoretical developments, many derived by Konstantin Eduardovich Tsiolkovskii, sometimes known as the father of theoretical astronautics .< ref >

However, on May 9, 1951 the USSR Council of Ministers decided to transform the main shops and sectors of this factory into a secret enterprise, which included not only special military vehicles but also powerful rocket engines and different modern military aircraft.

Although no direct funding from the UN was involved, scientists from several countries including USA, Russia ( former USSR ), France, Japan, Germany and UK continue to utilize the TERLS facility for conducting rocket based experiments.

He assembled a crew of three trained primates — Mikhlo the Gorilla, Igor the Baboon, and Peotr the Orangutan — which he subjected to specialized training regimens of his own design, then took off on his lunar rocket trip on behalf of the USSR, while on the very next panel, the Fantastic Four were aiming their own rocket for the same destination.

However, now that the archeological archives and research results of the former USSR are open to scientists, it has become quite clear that the primal sighthound type evolved between the Kyrgyzstan, the lower Kazakhstan part of Altai and the Afghan plains, and that the earliest actual sighthound breeds were the plains Afghan hounds and the Kyrgyz Taigan.

This movement affected agricultural research and led to food shortages in the 1960s and seriously affected the USSR.

Klaus Emil Julius Fuchs ( 29 December 1911 – 28 January 1988 ) was a German-British theoretical physicist and atomic spy who in 1950 was convicted of supplying information from the American, British and Canadian atomic bomb research ( the Manhattan Project ) to the USSR during and shortly after World War II.

In 1936, as a consequence of an invitation to give lectures for the Ministry of Heavy Industry in the USSR, Polanyi met Bukharin, who told him that in socialist societies all scientific research is directed to accord with the needs of the latest Five Year Plan.

Their research proved valuable to teams in the US and USSR, where missile programs slowly developed in the immediate post-war era.

Socionics is little known among psychologists outside of the former USSR, and no significant research on socionics has been published in English-language peer reviewed scientific journals.

The station was launched as part of the Soviet Union's manned spaceflight programme effort to maintain a long-term research outpost in space, and, following the collapse of the USSR, was operated by the new Russian Federal Space Agency ( RKA ).

When the US intelligence community learned that the USSR and China were conducting ESP research, it became receptive to the idea of having its own competing psi research program.

In the USSR, RCA-manufactured radio equipment was introduced on a large scale by Joseph Stalin to construct broadcast networks, and the newly formed All-Union Scientific Research Institute for Television was gearing up a research program in vacuum tubes that was advanced for its time and place.

Nonetheless, the strategic implications of a possible unforeseen breakthrough in technology forced the USSR to initiate massive spending on research in the 12th Five Year Plan, drawing all the various parts of the project together under the control of GUKOS and matching the US proposed deployment date of 2000.

By early 1943, the German government began recalling from combat a number of scientists, engineers, and technicians ; they returned to work in research and development to bolster German defense for a protracted war with the USSR.

* Operation Surgeon: British operation for denying German aeronautical expertise from the USSR, and for exploiting German scientists in furthering British research.

Later Golubtsova was the director of the Moscow Energy Institute, a center for nuclear power research in USSR.

After graduating from the Moscow Forestry Engineering Institute in 1968, Berezovsky worked as an engineer, from 1969 till 1987 serving as assistant research officer, research officer and finally the head of a department in the Institute of Management Problems of the USSR Academy of Sciences.

However, in some other systems, like Academy of Sciences of USSR it gave very real privileges and administrative responsibilities for funding allocation and research priorities.

In the former USSR, Belarusian State University became one of key research and educational establishments and received several government awards for excellency.

Prior to moving to the United States in 1989, Khachiyan held a series of research and teaching positions at the Computing Center of the USSR Academy of Sciences and the Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology.

* Pilot-Cosmonaut of the USSR ( 26 May 1991 )-for the implementation of space flight on the orbital scientific research complex Mir

The USSR got details of British initial research, from Klaus Fuchs and possibly also Austrian expatriate Engelbert Broda, and John Cairncross.

In the early 1980s, a few research groups ( mainly in the former USSR ) achieved remarkable results on manufacturing of thin film structures utilizing laser technology.

The institute would follow the principles outlined above, and was supposed to be governed by a board of directors of the leading research institutes of the USSR Academy of Sciences.

The reason was to speed up domestic production in the USSR, which Khrushchev promised upon grabbing power, and try to end the permanent recession in Russian living standards.

The formation of this group, according to Camus, was to " denounce two ideologies found in both the USSR and the USA " regarding their idolatry of technology.

In 1979, the USSR removed the term " Ainu " from the list of living ethnic groups of Russia, an act by which the government proclaimed that the Ainu as an ethnic group was extinct in its territory.

In 1970 he, along with Valery Chalidze and Andrei Tverdokhlebov, was one of the founders of the Committee on Human Rights in the USSR and came under increasing pressure from the government.

The sites were Moscow for the USSR and Grand Forks Air Force Base, North Dakota, since its Safeguard facility was already under construction, for the US.

In 1997, a memorandum of understanding between the US and four of the former USSR states was signed and subject to ratification by each signatory, but it was not presented to the US Senate for advice and consent by Bill Clinton.

In addition to these troops Belarus was the area of deployment for units subordinated directly to the USSR Defence Ministry and chiefs of different Soviet Armed Forces services, namely the 103rd Guards Airborne Division, the 38th Guards Airborne Brigade, the 11th corps of the 2nd Separate Air Defence Army, the 26th Air Army and also units and formations of the Strategic Rocket Forces, Long Range Aviation, the Navy and special forces.

* Other countries: In some countries, such as the former USSR, BCG was given regularly throughout life.

This definition was also often used outside the USSR during this period.

The Cuban missile crisis — known as the October crisis in Cuba and the Caribbean crisis () in the USSR — was a 13-day confrontation between the Soviet Union and Cuba on one side and the United States on the other ; the crisis occurred in October 1962, during the Cold War.

The Americans feared the Soviet expansion of Communism, but for a Latin American country to ally openly with the USSR was regarded as unacceptable, given the Soviet-American enmity since the end of World War II in 1945.

Khrushchev increased the perception of a missile gap when he loudly boasted to the world that the USSR was building missiles " like sausages " whose numbers and capabilities actually were nowhere close to his assertion.

On September 7, Soviet Ambassador to the United States Anatoly Dobrynin assured United States Ambassador to the United Nations Adlai Stevenson that the USSR was supplying only defensive weapons to Cuba.

Before that, it was about 7 censuses, most part of these previous censuses was undertaken during Soviet ( USSR ) control.

In the USSR, the first work devoted to this subject was published in 1935 by professor Dmitriy V. Ageev.

In 1963 this service started in Moscow and in 1970 Altai service was used in 30 USSR cities.

The official explanation for his resignation was " to grant the request of Chairman of the USSR Council of Ministers G. M. Malenkov to be released from the duties of the Party Central Committee ".

Yeltsin's action was later declared unconstitutional but by this time the USSR had ceased to exist.

Before glasnost, according to an article in The Jewish Press, Jewish ritual circumcision was forbidden in the USSR.

The paper was published in 1973 in Proceedings of the USSR Academy of Sciences ( in Russian ).

The Finnish-Soviet Agreement of Friendship, Co-operation, and Mutual Assistance ( and the restrictions included therein ) was annulled but Finland recognised the Russian Federation as the successor of the USSR and was quick to draft bilateral treaties of goodwill as well as reallocating Soviet debts.

Although the country was culturally, socially, and politically Western, Finns realised they had to live in peace with the USSR and take no action that might be interpreted as a security threat.