In keeping with the times, much of anthropology became politicized through the Algerian War of Independence and opposition to the Vietnam War ; Marxism became an increasingly popular theoretical approach in the discipline.

Attempts to accuse anthropologists of complicity with the CIA and government intelligence activities during the Vietnam War years have turned up surprisingly little ( although anthropologist Hugo Nutini was active in the stillborn Project Camelot ).

Hunter S. Thompson's Fear and Loathing in America: The Brutal Odyssey of an Outlaw Journalist, which contains hundreds of private letters written by Thompson over the years, contains a letter in which he uses A Modest Proposals satire technique against the Vietnam War.

* 1972 – Vietnam War: Easter Offensive – American forces begin sustained air strikes and naval bombardments.

The Vietnam War formally ends with the unconditional surrender of South Vietnamese president Duong Van Minh.

* 1964 – Vietnam War: Gulf of Tonkin incident – North Vietnamese gunboats allegedly fire on the U. S. destroyers and.

* 1964 – Vietnam War: the U. S. Congress passes the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution giving U. S. President Lyndon B. Johnson broad war powers to deal with North Vietnamese attacks on American forces.

* 1967 – Vietnam War: China agrees to give North Vietnam an undisclosed amount of aid in the form of a grant.

In the 1960s with the African American Civil Rights Movement and opposition to the Vietnam War, the song took on a political tone.

Collins connected it to the Vietnam War, to which she objected: " I didn't know what else to do about the war in Vietnam.

Although Collins used it as a catharsis for her opposition to the Vietnam War, two years after her rendition, the Royal Scots Dragoon Guards, senior Scottish regiment of the British Army, recorded an instrumental version featuring a bagpipe soloist accompanied by a pipe and drum band.

* 1970 – Vietnam War: United States and South Vietnamese forces invade Cambodia to hunt Viet Cong.

* 1975 – Vietnam War: Operation Frequent Wind: The U. S. begins to evacuate U. S. citizens from Saigon prior to an expected North Vietnamese takeover.

* 1973 – Vietnam War: The United States bombing of Cambodia ends.

* 1964 – Vietnam War: A coup d ' état replaces Duong Van Minh with General Nguyen Khanh as President of South Vietnam.

* 1966 – Vietnam War: The House Un-American Activities Committee begins investigations of Americans who have aided the Viet Cong.

* 1965 – Vietnam War: Operation Starlite begins – United States Marines destroy a Viet Cong stronghold on the Van Tuong peninsula in the first major American ground battle of the war.

* 1966 – Vietnam War: the Battle of Long Tan ensues after a patrol from the 6th Battalion, Royal Australian Regiment clashes with a Viet Cong force in Phuoc Tuy province.

* 1971 – Vietnam War: Australia and New Zealand decide to withdraw their troops from Vietnam.

* 1972 – Vietnam War: The Battle of An Lộc begins.

* 1970 – Vietnam War: U. S. President Richard M. Nixon formally authorizes American combat troops to fight communist sanctuaries in Cambodia.

Vietnamese academic and journalist Doan Viet Hoat was nicknamed " the Sakharov of Vietnam " for his criticism of Vietnam's communist leadership and his subsequent imprisonment.

In early 1950, the U. S. took its first efforts to oppose communist forces in Vietnam ; planned to form a West German army, and prepared proposals for a peace treaty with Japan that would guarantee long-term U. S. military bases there.

Prince Sihanouk, fearing that the conflict between communist North Vietnam and South Vietnam might spill over to Cambodia, publicly opposed the idea of a bombing campaign by the United States along the Vietnam-Cambodia border and inside Cambodian territory.

While communist, the CPK was fiercely nationalistic, and most of its members who had lived in Vietnam were purged.

FBI records show that 85 % of COINTELPRO resources targeted groups and individuals that the FBI deemed " subversive ," including communist and socialist organizations ; organizations and individuals associated with the civil rights movement, including Martin Luther King, Jr. and others associated with the Southern Christian Leadership Conference, the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, and the Congress of Racial Equality and other civil rights organizations ; black nationalist groups ; the American Indian Movement ; a broad range of organizations labeled " New Left ", including Students for a Democratic Society and the Weathermen ; almost all groups protesting the Vietnam War, as well as individual student demonstrators with no group affiliation ; the National Lawyers Guild ; organizations and individuals associated with the women's rights movement ; nationalist groups such as those seeking independence for Puerto Rico, United Ireland, and Cuban exile movements including Orlando Bosch's Cuban Power and the Cuban Nationalist Movement ; and additional notable Americans — even Albert Einstein, who was a member of several civil rights groups, came under FBI surveillance during the years just prior to COINTELPRO's official inauguration .< ref >

* 1957 – Ngo Dinh Diem of South Vietnam survives a communist shooting assassination attempt in Ban Me Thuot.

* The Soviet flag, with its golden symbols of the hammer and sickle on a red field, was an inspiration to flags of other communist states, such as East Germany, People's Republic of China, Vietnam, Angola, Afghanistan and Mozambique.

In the Vietnam War, the Americans " defoliated countless trees in areas where the communist North Vietnamese troops hid supply lines and conducted guerrilla warfare ", ( see Operation Ranch Hand ).

* 1971 – Vietnam War: The Battle of Long Khanh between Australian and Vietnamese communist forces begins.

* 1968 – Operation Igloo White, a US electronic surveillance system to stop communist infiltration into South Vietnam begins installation.

It was the first revolutionary nationalist party to be established in Vietnam, before the communist party.

The Chinese Yunnan provincial army, under the KMT, occupied northern Vietnam after the Japanese surrender in 1945, the VNQDD tagging alone, opposing Ho Chi Minh's communist party.

In 1930 Ho Chi Minh founded the Communist Party of Vietnam by unifying three smaller communist movements that had emerged in northern, central and southern Vietnam during the late 1920s.

* 1955 – Operation Passage to Freedom, the evacuation of 310, 000 Vietnamese civilians, soldiers and non-Vietnamese members of the French Army from communist North Vietnam to South Vietnam following the end of the First Indochina War, ends.

* 1969 – The United States begins secretly bombing the Sihanouk Trail in Cambodia, used by communist forces to infiltrate South Vietnam.

* 1973 – Operation Barrel Roll, a covert US bombing campaign in Laos to stop communist infiltration of South Vietnam, ends.

French colonial forces had failed to hold back independence forces led by the communist leader Ho Chi Minh in North Vietnam.

The American public turned against the war eventually resulting in a withdrawal of US troops and the seizure of Saigon by communist forces in 1975 and communist victory in Vietnam.

Since the fall of the Eastern European communist regimes, the Soviet Union, and a variety of African communist regimes, only a few currently remain, including: China, Cuba, Laos, North Korea, and Vietnam.

On occasion SPAAGs have been used as very effective direct fire weapons against infantry, for example by American forces during late World War II, in Korea against mass infantry assault, and extensively during the Vietnam War, where for example the U. S. M42 Duster SPAAG ( based on a light tank ) was employed purely for this purpose.

* 1972 – Vietnam War: Nguyen Hue Offensive – The North Vietnamese 320th Division forces 5, 000 South Vietnamese troops to retreat and traps about 2, 500 others northwest of Kontum.

* 1975 – As North Vietnamese forces close in on the South Vietnamese capital Saigon, the Australian Embassy is closed and evacuated, almost ten years to the day since the first Australian troop commitment to South Vietnam.

Another important use of aircraft came with the development of the helicopter, which first became heavily used during the Vietnam War, and still continues to be widely used today to transport and augment ground forces.

Thus, a number of Allied soldiers received the Bronze Star Medal in World War II, as well as U. N. soldiers in the Korean War, Vietnamese and allied forces in the Vietnam War, and coalition forces in recent military operations such as the Gulf War, Operation Enduring Freedom and the Iraq War.

By the mid-1960s, parts of Cambodia's eastern provinces were serving as bases for North Vietnamese Army and Viet Cong ( NVA / VC ) forces operating against South Vietnam, and the port of Sihanoukville was being used to supply them.

In response, the United States moved to provide material assistance to the new government's armed forces, which were engaged against both CPK insurgents and NVA forces. The North Vietnamese and Viet Cong forces, desperate to retain their sanctuaries and supply lines from North Vietnam, immediately launched armed attacks on the new government.

The government made three unsuccessful attempts to enter into negotiations with the insurgents, but by 1974, the CPK were operating openly as divisions, and some of the NVA combat forces had moved into South Vietnam.

" When Congress, in the summer of 1973, legislated an end to U. S. military action in, over, or off the shores of Indochina, the only U. S. military activity then going on was air support of a friendly Cambodian government and army desperately defending their country against a North Vietnamese and Khmer Rouge onslaught ... What destabilized Cambodia was North Vietnam's occupation of chunks of Cambodian territory from 1965 onwards for use as military bases from which to launch attacks on U. S. and South Vietnamese forces in South Vietnam.

Eisenhower sent Lt. General John W. " Iron Mike " O ' Daniel to Vietnam to study and " assess " the French forces there.

US Special Forces in Vietnam like the Green Berets, also caused significant local problems for their opponents by their leadership and integration with mobile tribal and irregular forces.

The CIA's Special Activities Division created successful guerrilla forces from the Hmong tribe during the war in Vietnam in the 1960s, from the Northern Alliance against the Taliban during the war in Afghanistan in 2001, and from the Kurdish Peshmerga against Ansar al-Islam and the forces of Saddam Hussein during the war in Iraq in 2003.

* 1964 – Vietnam War: 5, 000 more American military advisers are sent to South Vietnam bringing the total number of United States forces in Vietnam to 21, 000.