Well into the nineteenth century, English was spoken by few in Wales, and prior to the early twentieth century there are only three major Welsh-born writers who wrote in the English language: George Herbert ( 1593 – 1633 ) from Montgomeryshire, Henry Vaughan ( 1622 – 1695 ) from Brecknockshire, and John Dyer ( 1699 – 1757 ) from Carmarthenshire.

While historically Welsh writing in English might be said to begin with the fifteenth-century bard Ieuan ap Hywel Swrdwal, well into the nineteenth century English was spoken by few in Wales, and prior to the early twentieth century there are only three major Welsh-born writers who wrote in the English language: George Herbert ( 1593 – 1633 ) from Montgomeryshire, Henry Vaughan from Brecknockshire ( 1622 – 1695 ), and John Dyer from Carmarthenshire ( 1699 – 1757 ).

The church was also richly endowed by Thomas Stanley, 1st Earl of Derby, whose intervention at the Battle of Bosworth helped Welsh-born Henry Tudor overcome Richard III in his successful quest for the throne of England.

His parents were Welsh-born army recruiting sergeant father Thomas H. ( Tom ) Cooper, and his English-born wife Gertrude ( née Gertrude C. Wright ) from Crediton, Devon.

* Charlie Jones ( footballer born 1911 ) ( 1911 – 1985 ), Welsh-born footballer who played for Tottenham and Southend in the 1930s

* John Lloyd ( political reformer ) ( 1833 – 1915 ), Welsh-born member of the London County Council

* Jimmy Baker ( footballer born 1904 ) ( 1904 – 1979 ), Welsh-born football wing half who played for Coventry City

John Morgan ( September 21, 1930 – November 15, 2004 ) was a Welsh-born Canadian comedian.

* John Morgan ( comedian ) ( 1930 – 2004 ), Welsh-born Canadian comedian

* Edward M. Lewis ( 1872 – 1936 ), Welsh-born, American baseball pitcher, professor of English literature and academic administrator

* John Edward Jones ( governor ) ( 1840 – 1896 ), Welsh-born Governor of Nevada

* George Ewart Evans ( 1909 – 1988 ), Welsh-born schoolteacher, writer and folklorist

Thomas Tomkins ( 1572 – 9 June 1656 ) was a Welsh-born English composer of the late Tudor and early Stuart period.

Frederick Birks VC, MM ( 16 August 1894 – 21 September 1917 ) was a Welsh-born Australian First World War veteran and recipient of the Victoria Cross, the highest decoration for gallantry " in the face of the enemy " that can be awarded to members of the British and Commonwealth forces.

* Sir Owen Cox ( 1866 – 1932 ), Welsh-born Australian businessman and politician whose full name was Edward Owen Cox

* Billy Davies ( politician ) ( 1884 – 1956 ), Welsh-born Australian member of the New South Wales Legislative Assembly and the Australian Parliament

A former Archbishop of Wales, the Most Reverend and Right Honourable Rowan Williams, is now the first Welsh-born Archbishop of Canterbury.

A skilful left-footed player, equally at home in defence or midfield, Jackett was capped 31 times for Wales, for whom he was eligible through his Welsh-born father.

When he was still a child, he relocated with his family to Youngstown, Ohio, where his Welsh-born father became superintendent at a Carnegie steel plant.

On January 3, 1825, the Harmonists and Robert Owen, a Welsh-born industrialist and social reformer, came to a final agreement for the sale of the Society's land and buildings in Indiana for $ 150, 000.

* Welsh-born mathematician Robert Recorde publishes The Whetstone of Witte in London, containing the first recorded use of the equals sign and also the first use in English of plus and minus signs.

** Clive Granger, Welsh-born economist, Nobel Prize laureate ( d. 2009 )

David's father, Arthur R White, was a porter at Billingsgate Fish Market, and his Welsh-born mother, Olwen Jones, worked as a charwoman.

* Jane Arden, Welsh-born film director, actor, screenwriter, playwright, songwriter, and poet.

It is named after a Welsh-born mining engineer, Llewllyn Johns, who opened coal mining operations throughout the area in the 1880s.

Robert Owen, a Welsh-born industrialist and social reformer, purchased the town in 1825 with the intention of creating a new utopian community and renamed it New Harmony.

* Joseph Parry, Welsh-born composer of hymns whose song ' Aberystwyth ' was adapted into Nkosi Sikelel ' iAfrika, the National anthem of South Africa.

His mother, Hilda Kershion, was Welsh-born.

Diane K. Stanley, a former U. S. diplomat and the daughter of a Welsh-born employee of the United Fruit Co. in Guatemala, argues in the book For the Record: The United Fruit Company's Sixty-six Years in Guatemala, published in 1994, that the negative perception of the company's influence in Guatemala is largely undeserved, and could be due in part to the unwillingness of left-wing journalists and writers to critically examine the legacy of the administrations of Presidents Arévalo and Arbenz.

Welsh-born Gwynneth Rees was found dead in a rubbish tip on 8 November 1963.

* May 10-Henry Morton Stanley ( born 1841 ), Welsh-born explorer and journalist.

Jim Crichton and Welsh-born vocalist Michael Sadler have been the principal songwriters for Saga.

* December 10-Sir Hugh Myddelton, Welsh-born goldsmith and hydraulic engineer ( born c. 1560 )

* Sir Edgeworth David FRS, Welsh-born Australian geologist and Antarctic explorer who led the first expedition to reach the Magnetic South Pole.

* 1503 – King James IV of Scotland marries Margaret Tudor, daughter of King Henry VII of England at Holyrood Abbey in Edinburgh, Scotland.

* 1509 – Henry VIII ascends the throne of England on the death of his father, Henry VII.

* 1509 – Henry VII of England ( b. 1457 )

Then, in the Autumn of 1497, Perkin Warbeck tried to usurp the throne from Henry VII.

Gregory VII appeared to have succeeded when the emperor Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor was humiliated at Canossa in 1077.

Henry IV begging forgiveness of Pope Gregory VII at Canossa, the castle of the Countess Matilda, 1077.

The rebellious nobles in Germany who were interested in deposing Henry IV never forgave Pope Gregory VII for what they viewed as treachery.

Henry IV became so filled with hubris over his position, that he renounced Gregory VII and named the bishop of Ravenna pope.

The last words he uttered were, ‘ I have loved justice and hated iniquity, and therefore I die in exile .” Gregory VII must have felt he died in utter failure, and to many of his contemporaries it appeared Henry IV and Antipope Clement III had won.

The victory was as short-lived as that of his father, Henry IV over Gregory VII.

The controversy would surface in the Thomas Becket affair under Henry II of England, the Great Charter of 1217, the Statutes of Mortmain and the battles over Cestui que use of Henry VII of England, and finally come to a head under Henry VIII of England.

The struggle over investiture between Pope Gregory VII and Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor had dramatized the clash between church and state.

When Pope Clement VII refused to annul the marriage, Henry defied him by assuming supremacy over religious matters.

Consequently she was third cousin of her father-in-law, Henry VII of England, and fourth cousin of her mother-in-law Elizabeth of York.

At an early age, Catherine was considered a suitable wife for Arthur, Prince of Wales, the eldest son of Henry VII of England and heir to the throne, due to the English ancestry she inherited from her mother Queen Isabella I of Castile.

By means of her mother, Catherine had a stronger legitimate claim to the English throne than King Henry VII himself through the first two wives of John of Gaunt, 1st Duke of Lancaster: Blanche of Lancaster and the Spanish Infanta Constance of Castile.

In contrast, Henry VII was the descendant of Gaunt's third marriage to Katherine Swynford, whose children were born out of wedlock and only legitimised after the death of Constance and the marriage of John to Katherine.

At this point, Henry VII faced the challenge of avoiding the obligation to return her dowry to her father.

Ostensibly, the marriage was delayed until Henry was old enough, but Henry VII procrastinated so much about Catherine's unpaid dowry that it was doubtful if the marriage would ever take place.

While Henry VII and his councillors expected her to be easily manipulated, Catherine went on to prove them wrong.

One of the earliest references to the clavichord in England occurs in the privy-purse expenses of Elizabeth of York, queen of Henry VII, in an entry dated August 1502: