In 1264, Nivkh people reported to the Yuan Dynasty of the Mongol Empire that Ainu invaded the land of Nivkh, resulting in battles between Ainu and the Yuan Dynasty.

Iron plate with an order 6 magic square in Persian / Arabic numbers from China, dating to the Yuan Dynasty ( 1271 – 1368 ).

Arabic numerals were introduced to China during the Yuan Dynasty ( 1271 – 1368 ) by the Muslim Hui people.

* 1363 – Beginning date of the Battle of Lake Poyang ; the forces of two Chinese rebel leaders — Chen Youliang and Zhu Yuanzhang — are pitted against each other in what is one of the largest naval battles in history, during the last decade of the ailing, Mongol-led Yuan Dynasty.

* 1294 – Temür, grandson of Kublai, is elected Khagan of the Mongols and Emperor of the Yuan Dynasty with the reigning titles Oljeitu and Chengzong.

Native Chinese astronomy flourished during the Song Dynasty, and during the Yuan Dynasty became increasingly influenced by medieval Islamic astronomy.

The Song Dynasty was the first to issue generally circulating paper currency, while the Yuan Dynasty was the first to use notes as the predominant circulating medium.

In the Yuan Dynasty, the Mongols were divided between those who wanted to remain based in the steppes and those who wished to adopt the customs of the Chinese.

Kublai Khan, grandson of Genghis Khan, wanting to adopt the customs of China, established the Yuan Dynasty.

Throughout the Yuan Dynasty, which lasted less than a century, there was relatively strong sentiment among the populace against the Mongol rule.

The Yuan Dynasty was eventually overthrown by the Ming Dynasty in 1368.

The School of Principle gained supremacy during the Song Dynasty with the philosophical system elaborated by Zhu Xi, which became mainstream and officially adopted by the government for the Imperial examinations under the Yuan Dynasty.

Both Confucian ideas and Confucian-trained officials were relied upon in the Ming Dynasty and even the Yuan Dynasty, although Kublai Khan distrusted handing over provincial control.

1340s, Yuan Dynasty ).

On many occasions the Chinese studied nomadic cavalry tactics and applied the lessons in creating their own potent cavalry forces, while in others they simply recruited the tribal horsemen wholesale into their armies ; and in yet other cases nomadic empires proved eager to enlist Chinese infantry and engineering, as in the case of the Mongol Empire and its sinicized part, the Yuan Dynasty ( 1279 – 1368 ).

Hand cannon from the Mongol Yuan Dynasty ( 1271 – 1368 )

Some well known stories include the Yuan Dynasty story Circle of Chalk ( Chinese: 灰闌記 ), the Ming Dynasty story collection Bao Gong An ( Chinese: 包公案 ) and the 18th century Di Gong An ( Chinese: 狄公案 ) story collection.

By 1279, the Mongols conquered the Song Dynasty and brought all of China under control of the Mongol Yuan Dynasty.

* 1279 – March 19 – Kublai Khan's Mongol Yuan Dynasty defeats the Song Dynasty in the Battle of Yamen.

* 1279 – A diplomatic party of the Yuan Dynasty sent by Kublai Khan to Japan is killed by Japan's regent Hōjō Tokimune, leading to a second invasion attempt by the Mongols in 1281.

The county remains one of the oldest levels of government in China and significantly predates the establishment of provinces in the Yuan Dynasty ( 1279 – 1368 ).

The earliest known depiction of a fishing reel comes from a Southern Song ( 1127 – 1279 ) painting done in 1195 by Ma Yuan ( c. 1160 – 1225 ) called " Angler on a Wintry Lake ," showing a man sitting on a small sampan boat while casting out his fishing line.

The Song Dynasty (; Wade-Giles: Sung Ch ' ao ; ) was a ruling dynasty in China between 960 and 1279 ; it succeeded the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms Period, and was followed by the Yuan Dynasty.

In the Battle of Yamen on the Pearl River Delta in 1279, the Yuan army, led by the general Zhang Hongfan, finally crushed the Song resistance.

With the fall of the Song dynasty in 1279, and the subsequent dislocation caused by the establishment of the Yuan dynasty by the Mongol conquerors, many court and literary artists retreated from social life, and returned to nature, through landscape paintings, and by renewing the " blue and green " style of the Tang era.

The naval Battle of Yamen () ( also known as the Naval Battle of Mount Ya ; ) took place on 19 March 1279 and is considered to be the last stand of the Song Dynasty against the invading Mongol-controlled Yuan Dynasty.

In 1279 Zhang Hongfan of the Yuan attacked the Song navy in Yamen.

The Mongol conquest and the establishment of the Yuan Dynasty in 1279 ended Hangzhou's political clout, though Hangzhou continued to prosper.

Additional musical influences contributed to the Yuan Dynasty's ( 1279 – 1368 ) distinctive qu opera culture and spawned the sanqu form of individual poems based on it.

Mongols took control, and in 1279 they conquered all of China, establishing the Yuan Dynasty and set up the equivalent of modern Henan province, with borders extremely similar to modern ones.

The Yuan Dynasty established control over Yunnan during its conquest of Dali in 1253 and eliminated the Southern Song following the Battle of Yamen in 1279.

The legend says that Iron-crutch Li was born during the Yuan Dynasty period ( 1279 – 1368 ), and was originally named " Li Yüan ".

The Mongolian Yuan Dynasty established control over the Southern Song following the Battle of Yamen in 1279 and annexed the independent state of Dali that had arisen in Yunnan.

* Sayyid Ajjal Shams al-Din Omar al-Bukhari ( 1211 – 1279 ), Yunnan's provincial governor, under the Mongol Yuan Dynasty

During the Southern Song period ( 1127 – 1279 ), court painters such as Ma Yuan and Xia Gui used strong black brushstrokes to sketch trees and rocks and pale washes to suggest misty space.

According to a widespread folk tale ( not necessarily supported by historical records ), the Mid-Autumn Festival commemorates an uprising in China against the Mongol rulers of the Yuan Dynasty ( 1279 – 1368 ) in the 14th century.

The era of greatest ceramic production was not until the Southern Song 南宋 ( 1127 – 1279 ), Yuan ( 元 1271 – 1368 ) and Ming ( 明 1368 – 1644 ) periods.

They were, however, no more than military outposts, and it was not until the Yuan ( Mongol ) invasion of southwest China in 1279 that the area was made the seat of an army and a " pacification office.

The kingdom's designation in Chinese records changed over time: it was known as " Lang-ya-se-chia " during the Song dynasty ( 960 – 1279 ); " Long-ya-si-jiao " during the Yuan Dynasty ( 1279 – 1368 ); and " Lang-se-chia " during the Ming Dynasty ( 1368 – 1644 ), as evidenced by the Mao Kun map of Admiral Zheng He.

* Mote, Frederick W. Imperial China, 900 – 1800 Harvard University Press, 1999, 1, 136 pages, the authoritative treatment of the Song, Yuan, Ming, and Qing dynasties ;

The oldest confirmed written mention of dominoes in China comes from the Former Events in Wulin ( i. e. the capital Hangzhou ) written by the Yuan Dynasty ( 1271 – 1368 ) author Zhou Mi ( 1232 – 1298 ), who listed " pupai " ( gambling plaques or dominoes ) as well as dice as items sold by peddlers during the reign of Emperor Xiaozong of Song ( r. 1162 – 1189 ).

* 1271 – Kublai Khan renames his empire " Yuan " ( 元 yuán ), officially marking the start of the Yuan Dynasty of Mongolia and China.

As more and more of its demands were met during the 1990s – such as the direct popular election of Taiwan's president and all representatives in its Legislative Yuan, and open discussion of Taiwan's repressive past as represented in the 2-28 Incident and its long martial law aftermath – a greater variety of views could be advocated in the more liberal political atmosphere.

* 1626 – Yuan Chonghuan is appointed Governor of Liaodong, after he led the Chinese into a great victory against the Manchurians under Nurhaci.

An example of such would be Qian Xuan ( 1235 – 1305 AD ), who was an official of the Song Dynasty, but out of patriotism, refused to serve the Yuan court and dedicated himself to painting.

* 618 – Li Yuan becomes Emperor Gaozu of Tang, initiating three centuries of Tang Dynasty rule over China.

* 1307 – Külüg Khan is enthroned as Khagan of the Mongols and Wuzong of the Yuan.

* 1948 – The First Legislative Yuan of the Republic of China officially convenes in Nanking.

The northern provinces had remained loyal to the Emperor, and hoping to avoid a civil war, Sun Yat-Sen – already proclaimed " provisional president " by his supporters – had come to a compromise with the Emperor's key ally Yuan Shikai ( 1859 – 1916 ); the monarchy would be abolished, and Late Imperial China would be converted into a new Republic of China, but it would be the royalist Yuan and not the revolutionary Sun who would become its first President.