For stars, in the absence of extensive observations at many wavelengths, it usually must be computed assuming an effective temperature.

In the absence of their effective demand, the producers would lack a key motivation to produce, which is to sell to consumers.

Instead of arguing for explicit consent, which can always be manufactured, Pettit argues that the absence of an effective rebellion against the contract is the only legitimacy of it.

These examples show that in the absence of effective legal tender laws, Gresham's Law works in reverse.

However, compared to leaders of face-to-face teams, virtual team leaders face the following difficulties: ( a ) logistical problems, including coordinating work across different time zones and physical distances ; ( b ) interpersonal issues, including an ability to establish effective working relationships in the absence of frequent face-to-face communication ; and ( c ) technological difficulties, including appropriate technology and ease-of-use.

This was a very time-consuming, hit-or-miss procedure, and in the absence of a good knowledge of how the target virus worked, it was not efficient in discovering effective antivirals which had few side effects.

But, as used by Émile Durkheim and later theorists, anomie is a reaction against or a retreat from the regulatory social controls of society, and is a completely separate concept from anarchy, which is an absence of effective rulers or leaders.

Historian Graham Kelsey also maintains that the anarchist collectives were primarily maintained through libertarian principles of voluntary association and organization, and that the decision to join and participate was generally based on a rational and balanced choice made after the destabilization and effective absence of capitalism as a powerful factor in the region.

Generally, in the absence of an electric or magnetic field, the concept of effective mass does not apply.

Crassus ' death in 53 and the absence of Caesar in Gaul left Pompey as the only effective power in the state.

For example, it easily determines what the effect on average earth temperature of changes in solar constant or change of albedo or effective earth emissivity would be in the absence of feedback effects.

" In absence of governmental checks and balances ", per Justice Stewart, " the only effective restraint upon executive policy and power in two areas may lie in an enlightened citizenry-in an informed and critical public opinion which alone can here protect the values of democratic government.

With the absence of effective leadership, and having lost their favor with the Jacobins, the sans-culottes withered.

The absence of an effective central authority in the capital of Japan had lasted until the warlord Oda Nobunaga's armies entered Kyoto in 1568, re-establishing the Muromachi Shogunate under the puppet shogun Ashikaga Yoshiaki to begin the Azuchi-Momoyama period.

In the absence of any effective Spanish force on the coast, he was able to harass the enemy and to sack the small port city of Paita in Peru ( 13 – 15 November 1741 ).

The count thus gives the quarterback time to complete a pass in the absence of effective blocking ( when teams are small, there is often no blocking at all ).

Although ethosuximide is often effective in treating absence seizures, valproate is much more effective in treating tonic-clonic seizure, and so it may be a better choice if a patient is exhibiting both types of seizures.

Clonazepam ( Klonopin, Rivotril ) is effective in the short term but is not generally recommended for treatment of absence seizure due to the rapid development of tolerance and high frequency of side effects.

It has been suggested that the " absence of a well-developed Achilles tendon in the nonhuman African apes would preclude them from effective running, both at high speeds and over extended distances.

According to the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights ( IACHR ), this was justified by the junta by the following reasoning: " The anguish generated in the rest of the surviving family because of the absence of the disappeared would develop, after a few years, into a new generation of subversive or potentially subversive elements, thereby not permitting an effective end to the Dirty War.

Here they propose three conditions for rendering such propaganda effective, terming these ‘ monopolization ’ ( the ‘ absence of counter propaganda ’), ‘ canalization ’ ( taking established behaviour and enlisting it in a particular direction ), and ‘ supplementation ’ ( the reinforcement of mass media messages by face-to-face contact in local organizations ).

However, flow cytometry can be less effective at detecting extremely rare cell populations, and there is a loss of architectural relationships in the absence of a tissue section .< ref name =" H Cherie "> Flow cytometry also has a high capital cost associated with the purchase of a flow cytometer.

However the delayed advantage explanation for the juveniles ' association with their parents can still work in the absence of effective helping, whereas the kin selection explanation cannot.

Small had been the key link between the members, and in his absence those remaining moved to place the group on a more organised footing.

To cope with crisis and financial targets, the government cut down public service salaries ; the only opposition, in the absence of organised unions, came from Estonian teachers, whose salary cuts were therefore limited.

Attempts were made by their management to completely downplay Pinder's absence, notably at a major UK music press party Decca organised, when the top Decca dignitary guest, while making a " welcome back " speech, openly referred to " Mike Pinder being currently absent over in the States ", much to their dismay.

It was in these years, during the Commonwealth under Oliver Cromwell, in the absence of much competition or organised music-making, that Jenkins took the occasion to write more than 70 suites for amateur household players.

The absence of any conclusion of the Super Cup before the season's end made the competition look even more farcical than before in the eyes of supporters and probably put paid to any possibility of a second Super Cup tournament being organised in the 1986 – 87 season, although the perceived failure of the inaugural competition and its unpopularity with the clubs made such an eventuality unlikely in any case ( had the 1986 – 87 Super Cup been staged, it would have been contested by Liverpool, Everton, West Ham United, Manchester United, Sheffield Wednesday and Oxford United ).

In his absence, the affairs of the Party and of the Party resistance movement ( FTP ) in France were organised by his second in command, Jacques Duclos.

The fourth narrative section reveals that the increasing opposition to Jesus will result in his crucifixion in Jerusalem, and that his disciples must therefore prepare for his absence.

His absence increased the activity of the opposition centered around the Dukes Ernest II of Swabia and Frederick II of Upper Lorraine.

England's magnates favoured the idea of installing Harold Harefoot temporarily as regent or joint monarch, due to the difficulty of Harthacnut's absence, and despite the opposition of Godwin, the Earl of Wessex, and the Queen, he eventually wore the crown.

This failure to exploit the victory to his nobles ' satisfaction provoked growing opposition to Władysław's regime after 1411, further fuelled by the granting of Podolia, disputed between Poland and Lithuania, to Vytautas, and by the king's two-year absence in Lithuania.

The reasons for this long absence are unclear, but have been linked to possible opposition to her presence by Gaius Licinius Mucianus, a political ally of emperor Vespasian who died sometime between 72 and 78.

Since the foundation of the state Dáil business had been relatively calm as the relatively small Labour party functioned as the official opposition in the absence of die-hard Republicans.

The absence of any opposition suggests that Máel Coluim had dealt thoroughly with any likely opposition in his own lifetime.

Furthermore, the absence of the media contributed to the Accord's successes: there were no possibilities provided to either leader to reassure his political body or be driven to conclusions by members of his opposition.

The apparent opposition of some activists to every instance of proposed development suggests that they seek a complete absence of new growth.

However, underlying opposition to the Political Bureau and to the absence of alternative candidates was manifested in an 18 percent abstention rate nationwide that rose to 36 percent of the electorate in Algiers.

In his absence Pompey had shamefully usurped control over Sulla's children, contrary to the father's testament, and now in Pompeius ' absence the latter's intimate and hereditary political ally Gaius Memmius co-ordinated the opposition to Lucullus ' just claim to a triumph.

Contemporary reaction was mixed, with strong and immediate opposition focusing on the absence of sources and the belief that the work appeared to be intended to supersede study of the Talmud.

Mattos Cintrón and the 1982 opposition argued that the absence of a strong left-wing in the island would weaken the cause for independence and other attempts of sovereignty for Puerto Rico.

However due to the absence of political parties there is no formal opposition and instead of party caucuses members regularly participate in a caucus of all members of the legislature.

Clarke later became a major promoter of the idea that frequency-dependent balancing selection might explain abundant molecular polymorphisms ( often in the absence of heterosis ) in opposition to the neutral theory of molecular evolution.

The absence of the main opposition party from parliament led to accusations of in effect " one party rule ".

Angelo Brelich has interpreted this theology as the basic opposition between the primordial absence of order ( chaos ) and the organisation of the cosmos.

Lord Lansdowne, in the absence of any alternative, remained the leading figure in the Whig opposition.

By his absence he made manifest his opposition to Gregory VII, who now suspended him for his refusal to attend the synod.

The black flag represents the absence of a flag, and thus stands in opposition to the very notion of nation-states.

In his absence, the legislature was almost evenly divided between government and opposition members ; as such, NDP backbencher Jim Walding's decision to vote against his government's budget was enough to defeat the Pawley ministry in the house.