This atmosphere of understanding has been particularly noticeable where relations are concerned between the `` colonialist '' powers and those who have never, or not for a long time, had such problems.

Argon is mostly used as an inert shielding gas in welding and other high-temperature industrial processes where ordinarily non-reactive substances become reactive ; for example, an argon atmosphere is used in graphite electric furnaces to prevent the graphite from burning.

In 1989, the European Space Agency's Hipparcos satellite took astrometry into orbit, where it could be less affected by mechanical forces of the Earth and optical distortions from its atmosphere.

The result is that each Ca < sup > 2 +</ sup > ion released by chemical weathering ultimately removes one CO < sub > 2 </ sub > molecule from the surficial system ( atmosphere, ocean, soils and living organisms ), storing it in carbonate rocks where it is likely to stay for hundreds of millions of years.

In the Halo franchise, the weak, low-ranking Grunts of the Covenant originate on a frozen exoplanet named Balaho, where methane is a primary constituent of the atmosphere, prevents the planet becoming even more frigid than it already is due to its distance from its parent star, and thus, Grunts have evolved to utilize the gas for respiration.

Diego Garcia is at minimum risk from tropical cyclones due to its proximity to the equator where the coriolis parameter required to organize circulation of the upper atmosphere is minimal.

This releases nutrients that can then be re-used for plant and microbial production, and returns carbon dioxide to the atmosphere ( or water ) where it can be used for photosynthesis.

A gas has the most effect if it absorbs in a " window " of wavelengths where the atmosphere is fairly transparent.

The area of the upper astral plane of Earth in the upper atmosphere where the various Heavens are located is called Summerland ( Theosophists believe Hell is located in the lower astral plane of Earth which extends downward from the surface of the earth down to its center ).

They discovered that CFC molecules were stable enough to remain in the atmosphere until they got up into the middle of the stratosphere where they would finally ( after an average of 50 – 100 years for two common CFCs ) be broken down by ultraviolet radiation releasing a chlorine atom.

Each collects data about the atmosphere from a remote location and, usually, stores the data where the instrument is located.

Several post-Mariner works are homages to the older phase of Mars fiction, circumventing the scientific picture of a dry and lifeless Mars with an unbreathable atmosphere through such science fiction generic staples as positing its future terraforming, or creating alternate history versions of Mars, where Burroughs ' Barsoom, Bradbury's Martian Chronicles or The War of the Worlds are literal truth.

Microorganisms live in all parts of the biosphere where there is liquid water, including soil, hot springs, on the ocean floor, high in the atmosphere and deep inside rocks within the Earth's crust.

New climate model simulations, which are said to have the capability of including the entire atmosphere and oceans, show that the smoke would be lofted by solar heating to the upper stratosphere, where it would remain for years.

These replacement compounds are more reactive and less likely to survive long enough in the atmosphere to reach the stratosphere where they could affect the ozone layer.

The expansions pick up right where the first game left off, use all the same weapons and powerups, monsters and gothic atmosphere / architecture and continue / finish the story of the first game and its protagonist.

The use of psychedelic drugs was a major element of the 1960s counterculture, where it became associated with various social movements and a general atmosphere of rebellion and strife between generations.

The empty spaces that occur from the reduction of oxygen are filled in by carbon molecules in the atmosphere of the container, which makes the piece blacker in spots where more oxygen was retracted .< ref > Arbuckle.

* 2003 – Galileo mission is terminated by sending the probe into Jupiter's atmosphere, where it is crushed by the pressure at the lower altitudes.

In mountainous areas, heavy snow is possible where upslope flow is maximized within windward sides of the terrain at elevation, if the atmosphere is cold enough.

Breathing devices operating on the above principles are not only used underwater, but in other situations where the atmosphere is dangerous — little oxygen, poisonous, etc.

Lovelock's book was one of the first to describe a novel method of warming Mars, where chlorofluorocarbons ( CFCs ) are added to the atmosphere.

Nonetheless Varian, Inc. since 2006 offers a pump where the last stages have blades optimized for zero flow and can pump against a pressure of one atmosphere.

Erebus and Nyx reproduced to make Aether ( the outer atmosphere where the gods breathed ) and Hemera ( Day ).

Naturally occurring tritium is extremely rare on Earth, where trace amounts are formed by the interaction of the atmosphere with cosmic rays.

but instead used a S-shaped vertical descent profile ( starting with an initially steep descent, followed by a leveling out, followed by a slight climb, followed by a return to a positive rate of descent continuing to splash-down in the ocean ) through Earth's atmosphere to reduce its speed until the parachute system could be deployed enabling a safe landing.

To compute dust and smoke impacts, they employed a one-dimensional microphysics / radiative-transfer model of the Earth's lower atmosphere ( to the mesopause ), which defined only the vertical characteristics of the global climate perturbation.

In telecommunication, an atmospheric duct is a horizontal layer in the lower atmosphere in which the vertical refractive index gradients are such that radio signals ( and light rays ) ( a ) are guided or ducted, ( b ) tend to follow the curvature of the Earth, and ( c ) experience less attenuation in the ducts than they would if the ducts were not present.

* Atmospheric duct, a horizontal layer in the lower atmosphere in which the vertical refractive index gradients are such that radio signals ( a ) are guided or ducted, ( b ) tend to follow the curvature of the Earth, and ( c ) experience less attenuation in the ducts than they would if the ducts were not present

Where divergence is occurring in the upper atmosphere, there will be air coming in to try to balance the net loss of mass ( this is called the principle of mass conservation ), and there is a resulting upward motion ( positive vertical velocity ).

Since 1978 Microwave sounding units ( MSUs ) on National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration polar orbiting satellites have measured the intensity of upwelling microwave radiation from atmospheric oxygen, which is proportional to the temperature of broad vertical layers of the atmosphere.

The intensity is proportional to the temperature of broad vertical layers of the atmosphere, as demonstrated by theory and direct comparisons with atmospheric temperatures from radiosonde ( balloon ) profiles.

This vertical stratification, with warmer layers above and cooler layers below, makes the stratosphere dynamically stable: there is no regular convection and associated turbulence in this part of the atmosphere.

Its atmosphere is a 2. 5-dimensional statistical-dynamical model with 7. 5 ° × 22. 5 ° resolution and time step of half a day ; the ocean is MOM-3 ( Modular Ocean Model ) with a 3. 75 ° × 3. 75 ° grid and 24 vertical levels.

A thermal column ( or thermal ) is a vertical section of rising air in the lower altitudes of the Earth's atmosphere.

The " resting " state of the Earth's atmosphere has a vertical gradient of about-1 ° Celsius per 100 metres of altitude.

Thunderstorms in an atmosphere with virtually no vertical wind shear weaken as soon as they send out an outflow boundary in all directions, which then quickly cuts off its inflow of relatively warm, moist air and kills the thunderstorm.

GOMOS ( Global Ozone Monitoring by Occultation of Stars ) looks to stars as they descend through the Earth's atmosphere and change color, which also tells a lot about the presence of gases such as ozone (), and allows for the first time a space-based measurement of the vertical distribution of these trace gases.

The three-axis, body-stabilized spacecraft design enables the sensors to " stare " at the earth and thus more frequently image clouds, monitor earth's surface temperature and water vapour fields, and sound the atmosphere for its vertical thermal and vapor structures.

Its atmosphere is a 2. 5-dimensional statistical-dynamical model with 7. 5 ° × 22. 5 ° resolution and time step of 1 / 2 a day ; the ocean is MOM-3 ( Modular Ocean Model ) with a 3. 75 ° × 3. 75 ° grid and 24 vertical levels.

In a compressible gas such as the atmosphere, the relevant measure is the vertical gradient of the entropy, which must increase with height for the flow to be stably stratified.

Wind shear can be broken down into vertical and horizontal components, with horizontal wind shear seen across fronts and near the coast, and vertical shear typically near the surface, though also at higher levels in the atmosphere near upper level jets and frontal zones aloft.

Thunderstorms in an atmosphere with virtually no vertical wind shear weaken as soon as they send out an outflow boundary in all directions, which then quickly cuts off its inflow of relatively warm, moist air and kills the thunderstorm.

In this way, each pulse of laser light results in a vertical profile of aerosol concentration within the atmosphere.

Penetration diving or overhead diving is a type of diving where the diver enters a space from which there is no direct, purely vertical ascent to the safety of breathable air of the atmosphere at the surface.

Thermodynamic diagrams and tephigrams, used to plot the vertical structure of the atmosphere and perform calculations on its stability and humidity content, are also occasionally referred to as nomograms.

; SPICAM: Main objectives of the Multichannel Optical Spectrometer were to find the vertical profiles of ozone, water vapor, carbon monoxide, aerosols, and temperature, in the middle and lower atmosphere, diagnostic of the ionosphere, global distribution of water vapor, and building of the density model of the atmosphere.