* Anatalavis ( Late Cretaceous / Early Paleocene-Early Eocene )-Anseranatidae or basal.

Accipitriformes are known from the Middle Eocene ( the possibly basal genus Masillaraptor from the Messel Pit ) and typically have a sharply hooked beak with a cere ( soft mass ) on the proximodorsal surface, housing the nostrils.

At least the Eocoraciidae are very basal, but the Late Eocene ( some 35 mya ) Geranopteridae form a superfamily Coracioidea with the extant rollers and ground-rollers already ( Mayr & Mourer-Chauviré 2000 ).

* Genus Quasisyndactylus ( fossil ; Middle Eocene of Messel, Germany )-alcediniform, basal?

Thus, a basal radiation of the Procellariiformes in the Eocene at least ( as with many modern orders of birds ) seems likely, especially given that significant anomalies in molecular evolution rates and patterns have been discovered in the entire family ( see also Leach's Storm-petrel ), and molecular dates must be considered extremely tentative.

The subgroup Labrini arose from a basal split within family Labridae during the Eocene period.

However, there is Pygaeus, a very basal fossil from the mid-late Eocene of Europe, dating approximately from the Bartonian 40-37 million years ago ( mya ).

One of the first branches to split from basal eutherians, they appeared in the Lower Eocene, a time of warm temperatures and high humidity, roughly fifty million years ago.

Aegyptopithecus is believed to be a basal catarrhine, a crucial link between Eocene and Miocene fossil hominoids.

In North America in 2004, many endocrinologists prefer the term Flexible Insulin Therapy ( FIT ) to " intensive therapy " and use it to refer to any method of replacing insulin that attempts to mimic the pattern of small continuous basal insulin secretion of a working pancreas combined with larger insulin secretions at mealtimes.

This is evidenced by the Asian-SW Pacific distribution of the most basal starlings ( and Philippine creepers ) and the North American range of the basal mimids.

This is contradicted by the North American distribution of the most basal Mimidae.

Among the Canidae, the raccoon dog shares the habit of regularly climbing trees only with the North American gray fox, another basal species.

Oelandia is an extinct genus of basal molluscs of the family helcionellid from the Middle Cambrian of Sweden, China and North America.

This species was once seen as indicative of a late land bridge between North America and Europe, but it is now regarded as an indeterminate basal ornithopod.

The earliest known enantiornithines are from the Early Cretaceous ) of Spain ( e. g. Noguerornis, a basal genus ) and China ( e. g. Protopteryx ) and the latest from the Late Cretaceous of North and South America ( e. g. Avisaurus ).

DNA analyses have shown that Picea breweriana has a basal position in the Picea clade, suggesting that Picea originated in North America.

The Kew database Vascular Plant Families and Genera categorizes Oclamena under the genus Aster L. But taxonomically, Oclemena belongs to the North American clade of the tribe Astereae, as a basal member of one of the main branches ( Brouillet, Allen, Semple and Ito 2001 ).

Long before the familiar Triceratops evolved in North America, the ceratopsian lineage branched into two lines: the neoceratopsians, the main lineage that includes the recognizable horned and frilled forms, and of which Liaoceratops in 2002 was the most basal known member, and the Psittacosauridae, a radiation of smaller, parrot-beaked dinosaurs.

The palynological assemblage observed in these basal layers is typical of Late Triassic age, similar to that of the uppermost Triassic sedimentary rocks of eastern North America.

Although most extant species of Asteraceae are herbaceous, the examination of the basal members in the family suggests that the common ancestor of the family was an arborescent plant, a tree or shrub, perhaps adapted to dry conditions, radiating from South America.

The earliest and most basal sauropodomorphs known are Chromogisaurus novasi and Panphagia protos, both from the Ischigualasto Formation, dated to 231. 4 million years ago ( late Ladinian age of the Middle Triassic according to the ICS ; alternately called the early Carnian age of the Late Triassic in the system used by the Geological Society of America ).

Most cladistic analyses including Acrocanthosaurus have found it to be a carcharodontosaurid, usually in a basal position relative to the African Carcharodontosaurus and Giganotosaurus from South America.

One living South American marsupial, the monito del monte, has been shown to be more closely related to Australian marsupials than to other South American marsupials ; however, it is the most basal australidelphian, meaning that this superorder arose in South America and then colonized Australia after the monito del monte split off.

The Siluriphysi originated before the breakup of Gondwanna into South America and Africa in the Aptian ( c. 110 Ma ) but the presence of several basal Siluriphysan taxa in modern South America ( Gymnotiformes, Diplomystidae, Loricaridea ) suggest that the Siluriphysi may have originated on the western portion of Gondwanna.

This means that advocates of phylogenetic nomenclature have removed a large number of basal Devonian and Carboniferous amphibian-type tetrapod groups that were formerly placed in Amphibia in Linnaean taxonomy, and included them elsewhere under cladistic taxonomy.

Extant species in the Cryptobranchidae family are the modern-day members of a lineage that extends back millions of years — the earliest fossil records of a basal species date back to the Middle Jurassic and were found in volcanic deposits in northern China.

Seven participants with basal ganglia lesions were used in the experiment, along with nine control participants.

Whereas traditionally, the basal ganglia were thought to be primarily involved in sensory-motor functions, it has now become accepted that the basal ganglia, as a result of their involvement in a set of parallel, functionally segregated basal ganglia-thalamocortical circuits, which primarily entertain the premotor and prefrontal cortical cortices, are also involved in cognitive and “ limbic ” functions.

Both tissue types, as well as the basal lamina of the epithelium, were accordingly lost more recently by radical secondary simplification.

Whether the absence of vessels in basal angiosperms is a primitive condition is contested, the alternative hypothesis states that vessel elements originated in a precursor to the angiosperms and were subsequently lost.

Although there is considerable agreement about the relationships between most chelicerate sub-groups, the inclusion of the Pycnogonida in this taxon has recently been questioned ( see below ), and the exact position of scorpions is still controversial, though they were long considered the most primitive ( basal ) of the arachnids.

Cedars share a very similar cone structure with the firs ( Abies ) and were traditionally thought to be most closely related to them, but molecular evidence supports a basal position in the family.

The discovery of plastids in Apicomplexa has led some to suggest they were inherited from an ancestor common to the two groups, but none of the more basal lines have them.

One study suggests that unlike in schizophrenia, such changes are found only in the cortex and do not affect the deeper structures in psychotic bipolar patients, as their basal ganglia were found to have the normal levels of DNMT1 and subsequently both the reelin and GAD67 levels were within the normal range.

Melanoma is less common than both basal cell carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma, but it is the most serious — for example, in the UK there were over 11, 700 new cases of melanoma in 2008, and over 2, 000 deaths.

While the Cyprinioidea seem more " primitive " than the loach-like forms, they were apparently successful enough never to shift from the original ecological niche of the basal Ostariophysi.

Since any primitive-looking fossil groups of placental mammals were commonly assigned to this order for convenience, it was held to constitute the basal stock out of which other placental orders had evolved.

A 2010 study found that prostate basal cells were the most common site of origin for prostate cancers.

Additional analysis of the pulsatile profile of GH described in all cases less than 1 ng / ml for basal levels while maximum peaks were situated around 10-20 ng / mL.

In order to appeal to learners ’ interests, Herbart advocated using literature and historical stories instead of the drier basal readers that were popular at the time.

Both allodontids and paulchoffatiids ( below ) were among the most basal of the plagiaulacids.

These mammals seem to represent animals that were anatomically somewhere between the more basal " Plagiaulacida " and the further derived members of Cimolodonta.

In the past, all kingfishers were placed in the Alcedinidae, but it became clear that the three subfamilies diverged early, and the Halcyonidae ( tree kingfisher | tree kingfishers ) and Cerylidae ( water kingfishers ) are usually now treated as full families, with the Alcedinidae as the basal lineage in the kingfisher clade.

They probably belong to the basal group and are sometimes difficult to assign because they were even closer still to the Piciformes ( see also Neanis ).

In that case, the " core " Heteroptera could be considered a section – as of yet unnamed, mainly because the Prosorrhyncha were proposed earlier – within the " expanded " Heteroptera, or the latter could simply be described as consisting of a basal " living fossil " lineage and a more apomorphic main radiation.