The club is also particularly famous for its renowned youth program that has produced many Dutch talents over the years – Johan Cruijff, Edwin van der Sar, Dennis Bergkamp, national team top scorer Patrick Kluivert, and former national team coach Marco van Basten.

Dutch physicists Hendrik B. G. Casimir and Dirk Polder at Philips Research Labs proposed the existence of a force between two polarizable atoms and between such an atom and a conducting plate in 1947, and, after a conversation with Niels Bohr who suggested it had something to do with zero-point energy, Casimir alone formulated the theory predicting a force between neutral conducting plates in 1948 ; the former is called the Casimir-Polder force while the latter is the Casimir effect in the narrow sense.

* Dutch Grand Prix, a former Formula One car race

Ellen Gezina Maria van Langen ( born February 9, 1966 in Oldenzaal, Overijssel ) is a former Dutch middle distance runner.

The word is continued in German Deutsch ( meaning German ), English " Dutch ", Dutch Duits and Diets ( the latter referring to the historic name for Dutch or Middle Dutch, the former meaning German ), Italian tedesco ( meaning German ), Swedish / Danish / Norwegian tysk ( meaning German ) and Middle Low German dudesch meaning both Low German and the whole of Dutch / German / Low German, as well its descendant, modern Low German dütsch, meaning only Standard High German.

There was also a conflict with Indonesia, which ended with the Dutch withdrawing completely from their former colonies there in 1961.

Rejecting UN supervision, the Indonesian government under Suharto decided to settle the question of West Irian, the former Dutch New Guinea, in their favor.

Indonesia claimed all territories of the former Dutch East Indies, and previously viewed British plans to group the Straits Settlements, the Federated Malay States, the Unfederated Malay States, Sarawak and British North Borneo into a new independent federation of Malaysia as a threat to its objective to create a united state called Greater Indonesia.

The idea of uniting former British and Dutch colonial possessions in Southeast Asia actually have its roots in early 20th century, as the concept of Greater Malay ( Melayu Raya ) was coined in British Malaya espoused by students and graduates of Sultan Idris Training College for Malay Teachers in the late 1920s.

* 1665 – England installs a municipal government in New York City ( the former Dutch settlement of New Amsterdam ).

The former Stadhuis of Batavia, the seat of Governor General of Dutch East India Company | VOC.

* Johan Hendrik Caspar Kern ( or H. Kern, 1833 – 1917 ), Dutch linguist and former head of Brahmana College and of Queen's College, Benares

In 1998, the Dutch provided significant amounts of aid to the former Yugoslavia and Africa.

Most of West Papua, at that time known as Dutch New Guinea, was occupied, as were large parts of the Territory of New Guinea ( the former German New Guinea, which was also under Australian rule after World War I ), but Papua was protected to a large extent by its southern location and the near-impassable Owen Stanley Ranges to the north.

The former Dutch colony of Netherlands East Indies (" Nederlands-Indië ", now Indonesia ) has left its mark on The Hague.

Many streets are named after places in the Netherlands East Indies ( as well as other former Dutch colonies such as Suriname ) and there is a sizable " Indo " ( i. e. mixed Dutch-Indonesian ) community.

* 30 April: " Koninginnedag " (" Queen's Day ") is a Dutch national holiday held on the birthday of former Queen Juliana.

University College is situated in the former Kromhout Kazerne, which used to be a Dutch military base.

* Els Borst ( former Dutch minister of Health )

* June 27 – Molly Geertsema, Dutch liberal politician, former leader of the VVD party ( b. 1918 )

* June 12 – England installs a municipal government in New York City ( the former Dutch settlement of New Amsterdam ).

The former is basically a giant multinucleate amoeba, while the latter lives solitary until food runs out ; in which a colony of these functions as a unit.

The three years of estrangement following the unilateral declaration of independence and the nationalistic Soilih regime were followed during the conservative Abdallah and Djohar regimes by a period of growing trade, aid, cultural, and defense links between the former colony and France, punctuated by frequent visits to Paris by the head of state and occasional visits by the French president to Moroni.

Mozambique is an exception-although English is widely spoken there, it is a former Portuguese colony which joined the Commonwealth in 1996.

The major European empires consisted of the following colonies at the start of World War I ( former colonies of the Spanish Empire became independent before 1914 and are not listed ; former colonies of other European empires that previously became independent, such as the former French colony Haiti, are not listed ):

By comparison, the former colony of the United Province of Canada ( divided into the District of Canada East, and the District of Canada West ) and the western provinces were dozens of times larger and in some cases were expanded to take in territory formerly held in British Crown grants to companies such as the Hudson's Bay Company ; in particular the November 19, 1869 sale of Rupert's Land to the Government of Canada under the Rupert's Land Act 1868 was facilitated in part by Maritime taxpayers.

A United Nations ( UN ) commission was dispatched to the former colony in February 1950 in the absence of Allied agreement and in the face of Eritrean demands for self-determination.

The lands are not connected to France Antarctique, a former French colony in Brazil.

It was not until word of France's ratification of emancipation arrived back in the colony that Toussaint Louverture and his corps of well-disciplined, battle-hardened former slaves came over to the French Republican side in early May 1794.

In 1959, when former British crown colony Singapore gained self-government, it adopted the Malay style Yang di-Pertuan Negara ( literally means " head of state " in Malay ) for its governor ( the actual head of state remained the British monarch ).

Sometimes a head of state assumes office as a state becomes legal and political reality, before a formal title for the highest office is determined ; thus in the since 1 January 1960 independent republic Cameroon ( Cameroun, a former French colony ), the first President, Ahmadou Babatoura Ahidjo, was at first not styled président but ' merely ' known as Chef d ' état ( literal French for ' Head of State ') until 5 May 1960 ; in Uganda, military coup leader since 25 January 1971 Idi Amin was formally styled military head of State till 21 February 1971, only from then on regular ( but unconstitutional, not elected ) President.

In North Africa the former Phoenician colony of Carthage rose to dominate its surroundings with an empire that contained many of the former Phoenician holdings.

When Libya declared its independence on 24 December 1951 it was the first country to achieve independence through the United Nations and the third former European colony in Africa to gain independence after Egypt ( 1922 ) and Abyssinia ( 1941 ).

Although the indigenous Gilbertese language name for the Gilbert Islands proper is Tungaru, the new state chose the name " Kiribati ," the Gilbertese rendition of " Gilberts ," as an equivalent of the former colony to acknowledge the inclusion of islands which were never considered part of the Gilberts chain.

From 1875 the former bridlepath was embellished as a boulevard with a breadth of on the personal initiative of chancellor Otto von Bismarck, who also proposed the building of the Grunewald mansions colony at its western end.

Liberia was established by citizens of the United States as a colony for former African-American slaves.

It is one of only two sovereign states in the world that were started by citizens of a political power as a colony for former slaves of the same political power: Sierra Leone was begun as a colony for resettlement of Black Loyalists and poor blacks from England for the same purpose by Britain.

Some abolitionists and slaveholders collaborated on the idea to set up a colony in Africa for former African-American slaves.

* Fafnir is a former Kzin colony covered almost entirely in water.

The instrument is also very popular in Goa, India ( a former Portuguese colony ).

A former British colony, it is also a member of the Commonwealth.

He first moved to Sark in 1932 where his former teacher Eric Drake was setting up an artists ' colony.