The most common vectors now are viruses, which have evolved a way of encapsulating and delivering their genes to human cells in a pathogenic manner.

After further experiments, Fleming was convinced penicillin could not last long enough in the human body to kill pathogenic bacteria, and stopped studying it after 1931.

However, if the immune system or " good " microbiota are damaged in any way ( such as by chemotherapy, human immunodeficiency virus ( HIV ), or antibiotics being taken to kill other pathogens ), pathogenic bacteria that were being held at bay can proliferate and cause harm to the host.

More specifically the Basidiomycota include these groups: mushrooms, puffballs, stinkhorns, bracket fungi, other polypores, jelly fungi, boletes, chanterelles, earth stars, smuts, bunts, rusts, mirror yeasts, and the human pathogenic yeast Cryptococcus.

Loss of these harmless bacteria following antibiotic use may allow opportunistic pathogenic bacteria to invade the human body.

Fibronectin is also found in normal human saliva, which helps prevent colonization of the oral cavity and pharynx by potentially pathogenic bacteria.

When research agencies decide what new genomes to sequence, the emphasis has been on species which are either high importance as model organism or have a relevance to human health ( e. g. pathogenic bacteria or vectors of disease such as mosquitos ) or species which have commercial importance ( e. g. livestock and crop plants ).

Some variants are identified and named according to the isolate they resemble, thus are presumed to share lineage ( example Fujian flu virus-like ); according to their typical host ( example human flu virus ); according to their subtype ( example H3N2 ); and according to their deadliness ( example LP, low pathogenic ).

Most of the human pathogenic Salmonella serovars belong to the S. enterica enterica subspecies.

It can be used to study the adherence of pathogenic bacteria to human cells.

L. pneumophila is the primary human pathogenic bacterium in this group and is the causative agent of legionellosis or Legionnaires ' disease.

The reported mortality rate of highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza in a human is high ; WHO data indicate 60 % of cases classified as H5N1 resulted in death.

The bacterial genus Pseudomonas includes the opportunistic human pathogen P. aeruginosa, plant pathogenic bacteria, plant beneficial bacteria, ubiquitous soil bacteria with bioremediation capabilities and other species that cause spoilage of milk and dairy products.

MLST has provided a more richly textured picture of bacteria within human populations and on strain variants that may be pathogenic to human, plants and animals.

While many Escherichia are harmless commensals, particular strains of some species are human pathogens, and are known as the most common cause of urinary tract infections, significant sources of gastrointestinal disease, ranging from simple diarrhea to dysentery-like conditions, as well as a wide-range of other pathogenic states.

From this work he expanded on a theory explaining that many diseases of plants, animals and human beings were caused by pathogenic organisms.

The genus Candida includes about 150 different species ; however, only a few are known to cause human infections.

The species name troglodytes, Greek for " cave-dweller ", was coined by Johann Friedrich Blumenbach in his book De generis humani varietate nativa liber (" on the natural varieties of the human genus ") published in 1776, This book was based on his dissertation presented one year before ( it had a date 16 Sep 1775 printed on its title page ) to the University of Göttingen for internal use only, thus the dissertation did not meet the conditions for published work in the sense of zoological nomenclature.

The word homo, the name of the biological genus to which humans belong, is Latin for " human ".

Molecular evidence suggests that between 8 and 4 million years ago, first the gorillas, and then the chimpanzees ( genus Pan ) split off from the line leading to the humans ; human DNA is approximately 98. 4 % identical to that of chimpanzees when comparing single nucleotide polymorphisms ( see human evolutionary genetics ).

The robust australopithecines, members of the extinct hominin genus Paranthropus ( from Greek παρα, para " beside "; άνθρωπος, ánthropos " human "), were bipedal hominids that probably descended from the gracile australopithecine hominids ( Australopithecus ).

Schistosomiasis, caused by one genus of trematodes, is the second-most devastating of all human diseases caused by parasites, surpassed only by malaria.

While it is undisputed that early humans were hunters, the importance of this for in the emergence of the Homo genus from the earlier Australopithecines, including the production of stone tools and eventually the control of fire, are emphasised in the hunting hypothesis, and de-emphasised in scenarios that stress omnivory and social interaction, including mating behaviour, as essential in the emergence of human behavioural modernity.

Scientists such as Jared Diamond in The Third Chimpanzee, and Morris Goodman of Wayne State University in Detroit suggest that the bonobo and common chimpanzee are so closely related to humans that their genus name also should be classified with the human genus Homo: Homo paniscus, Homo sylvestris, or Homo arboreus.

It is widely held by archaeologists and palaeontologists that the australopiths played a significant part in human evolution, and it was one of the australopith species that eventually evolved into the Homo genus in Africa around 2 million years ago, which contained within it species like Homo habilis, H. ergaster and eventually the modern human species, H. sapiens sapiens.

* For the genus suspected of damaging human health, see Pfiesteria

* paleopolyploid: the human pathogen Rhizopus oryzae, the Saccharomyces genus, etc.

However, considerable human encephalization began quite late in the development of the genus Homo, long after the development of bipedalism.

Rackham describes Ulmus as the most difficult critical genus in the entire British flora, adding that ' species and varieties are a distinction in the human mind rather than a measured degree of genetic variation '.

According to the O. E. D., the human genus name Homo is

By her they designated the earth, because the earth distributes all goods to the human genus " ().

Lemierre's syndrome ( or Lemierre's disease, also known as postanginal sepsis and human necrobacillosis ) is a form of thrombophlebitis usually caused by the bacterium Fusobacterium necrophorum, and occasionally by other members of the genus Fusobacterium ( F. nucleatum, F. mortiferum and F. varium etc.

During a blood meal, an infected fly ( genus Chrysops, day-biting flies ) introduces third-stage filarial larvae onto the skin of the human host, where they penetrate into the bite wound.

Thereafter, some have named the genus after him while others have named the species of the human form after him Giardia lamblia.

The genus Neisseria is named after the German bacteriologist Albert Neisser, who in 1879 discovered its first example, Neisseria gonorrheae, the pathogen which causes the human disease gonorrhea.

The most widely known species of the genus is H. pylori which infects up to 50 % of the human population.

* The gadfly petrels: These are a considerable number of agile short-billed petrels in the genus Pterodroma which include the endangered Bermuda Petrel or Cahow and a considerable number of forms rendered extinct by human activity.

Of all species, Cryptococcus neoformans is the major human and animal pathogen.

However, Cryptococcus laurentii and Cryptococcus albidus have been known to occasionally cause moderate-to-severe disease, specifically meningitis, in human patients with compromised immunity ( owing to HIV infection, cancer chemotherapy, metabolic immunosuppression, et cetera ).

Cryptococcus uniguttulas ( Fliobasidium uniguttulatus is a teleomorph ) was the first non-neoformans Cyrptococcus to infect a human.

* The outcome of Cryptococcus neoformans intracellular pathogenesis in human monocytes