Otto marched on Rome and drove John XII from the papal throne and for years controlled the election of the pope, setting a firm precedent for imperial control of the papacy for years to come.

Only six of the electors, however, had the right to sit at ordinary meetings: " The King of Bohemia, who was in fact not a prince of the Empire but a neighbouring and independent monarch, might vote at an imperial election, but was allowed on no other occasion to meddle in the affairs of the Empire.

They being not willing to give up the electoral rank, this led to the situation that this principality, which never cast an electoral vote in any imperial election, was the one which preserved the title of prince-elector.

On the approach of the imperial election of 1519, Joachim's vote was eagerly solicited by the partisans of King Francis I of France, and Charles of Burgundy.

Although never Emperor, Henry I the Fowler, Duke of Saxony, was arguably the founder of this imperial dynasty, since his election as German king in 919 made it possible for his son, Otto the Great to take on the imperium.

The papal election of 1061, which Hildebrand had arranged in conformity with the papal decree of 1059 ( see Pope Nicholas II ), was not sanctioned by the imperial court of Germany.

Hence there was a vacancy of nearly eleven months between the death of Pope John III and the arrival of the imperial confirmation of Benedict's election on 2 June 575.

He was elected in an election held at Perugia that lasted four months while cardinals argued over whether to call in Charles of Anjou, the youngest brother of King Louis IX of France to carry on the papal war against the imperial house of Hohenstaufen.

This delay was enforced by the imperial envoys, who insisted that the Constitution of 824 expressly forbid the consecration of any Pope-elect until the emperor had satisfied himself of the validity of the election.

There were no imperial representatives present during the election, and Valentine had no opportunity to ratify his election with the emperor, as he was dead within five weeks, dying on 10 October 827.

Before John XXII's election a contest had begun for the imperial crown between Louis IV of Bavaria and his opponent, Frederick I of Austria.

However, Sigismund disputed Jobst's claim to Brandenburg and his right to vote in the imperial election.

Sigismund claimed these rights for himself and designated Frederick to represent him as elector of Brandenburg in the imperial election of 20 September 1410.

While Sigismund won this initial vote, Jobst of Moravia won the support of a majority of electors in an election in October 1410 and himself claimed the imperial throne.

He adopted an independent tone in informing the imperial Exarch in Ravenna of his election, but wrote to Pepin the Younger that the Frankish alliance should be maintained unimpaired, being possibly forced to this course by the Lombard king Desiderius.

Twelve days later, the death of Charles VII submitted the imperial title to a new election, and his successor in Bavaria was not a candidate.

The manoeuvres of both leaders on the upper Elbe occupied all the summer, while the political questions of the imperial election and of an understanding between Prussia and Britain were pending.

In the Peace of Dresden ( 25 Dec .) Frederick recognized the imperial election, and retained Silesia, as at the Peace of Breslau.

Severinus was elected on the third day after the death of his predecessor, Honorius I, and the Papal apocrisiarii went to Constantinople to obtain imperial confirmation of his election in October 638.

This offer was apparently satisfactory, and imperial recognition of the papal election was granted.

The Wittelsbach prince-electors Max Emanuel, his son Clemens August of Cologne, Charles III Philip, Elector Palatine and Franz Ludwig of Trier had at that time four votes at their disposal for the next imperial election.

Alfonso's election as King of the Romans by the imperial prince-electors misled him into complicated schemes that involved excessive expense but never succeeded.

Jones writes that though he was " less of a boor " than his chief rival for election to the imperial throne, " he was of a violent and brutal temper, and not only uncultivated himself, but hostile to cultivated persons ", as Ammianus tells us, ' he hated the well-dressed and educated and wealthy and well-born '.

Thus, from the time of Augustus, the election of pontifices ended and membership into the sacred college was deemed a sign of imperial favour.

they set limits to their aspirations -- few aspire to millions of dollars or to `` imperial '' power and glory.

Because of his low birth with no family name to the eventual achievement of Kanpaku ( Regent ), the title of highest imperial nobility, Toyotomi Hideyoshi had quite a few names throughout his life.

Following France's October 10 declaration of war, it began military operations three days later, invading the Duchy of Lorraine and besieging the imperial fortress at Kehl, across the Rhine River from Strasbourg, gaining control of both objectives in a few weeks.

Within a few years, he had consolidated his power by destroying neighbours and forcing the move of the imperial capital to Luoyang ( in modern Henan province ), which was within his region of influence.

One of the few members of the imperial family to be placed in an important position by John was his cousin Adrian Komnenos ( son of John's uncle the sebastokrator Isaac ).

The development of formal hierarchy within the Catholic Church, as opposed to local autonomy among Christian congregations, with levels of rank among the bishops, and a handful of patriarchs to supervise the bishops, is seen by some Protestants as conducive to imperial manipulation of the Church, susceptible to general control by capture of only a few seats of power.

The Pavilion was partly used in imperial efforts to convince potential Indian recruits that their wounded countrymen were being well treated: a series of photographs was produced, with the official sanction of the state, showing the resplendent rooms converted into hospital wards ( few pictures were taken of the local workhouse, renamed the Kitchener Indian Hospital, now Brighton General Hospital, which housed the majority of wounded troops ).

A few days before the election, on 27 April 1292, as the first of the electors, Archbishop Siegfried issued the Treaty Of Andernach, stating that for Adolf to be chosen king he must promise a long list of acknowledgments of possession ( including the imperial cities of Dortmund and Duisburg, and the Vogtship of Essen ), pledges of imperial cities and castles, and a sum of 25, 000 marks in silver.

In 1860, in the aftermath of the loss of the " Outer Manchuria ", and with the imperial and provincial governments in deep financial trouble, parts of Manchuria became officially open to Chinese settlement ; within a few decades, the Manchus became a minority in most of Manchuria's districts.

Hildesheim became protestant in 1542, and only the cathedral and a few other buildings remained in imperial ( catholic ) hands.

The Diet produced an imperial decree, the provisional Augsburg Interim, which imposed Catholic rites and ceremonies throughout the Empire, with a few concessions to the Reformation.

While there had been women writers in the late imperial period and the late Qing, they had been few in number.

He believed it was not in Britain's interest to ally itself with the Soviet Union, " which the newspapers most of us read tell us has slaughtered out-of-hand, only a few years ago, millions of its better fed citizens, as well as its whole imperial family ".

His answer is dated from Stuttgart, 6 October 1510 ; in it he divides the books into six classes — apart from the Bible which no one proposed to destroy — and, going through each class, he shows that the books openly insulting to Christianity are very few and viewed as worthless by most Jews themselves, while the others are either works necessary to the Jewish worship, which was licensed by papal as well as imperial law, or contain matter of value and scholarly interest which ought not to be sacrificed because they are connected with another faith than that of the Christians.

These figures fall into four categories: lictors ( men carrying fasces, bodyguards of magistrates ); priests ( three of the four major collegia – Pontifices, Septemviri, and Quindecimviri ): women and children ( generally from the imperial family, represented in portraiture ); and attendants ( a few anonymous figures necessary for religious purposes ).

On May 14, 1878, Okubo was assassinated by Shimada Ichirō and six Kanazawa Domain samurai while on his way to the imperial palace, only a few minutes walk from the Sakurada gate where Ii Naosuke had been assassinated 18 years earlier.

Although there have been extremely few studies of Chinese federalism during the imperial era, some important contributions have been made recently.

The war was fought by more than 3, 500 imperial troops brought in from Australia, as well as volunteer soldiers and militia, against Māori forces that fluctuated between a few hundred and about 1, 500.

The first war was fought by imperial forces, assisted by a few settlers and loyal Kupapa Māori.

All the known and extant copies of the Notitia Dignitatum, a unique document of the Roman imperial chanceries and one of the very few surviving documents of Roman government, are derived, either directly or indirectly, from the Codex Spirensis which is known to have existed in the library of the cathedral chapter.

The war was fought by more than 3, 500 imperial troops brought in from Australia, as well as volunteer soldiers and militia, against Māori forces that fluctuated between a few hundred and about 1, 500.

In response to Lamberg being attacked on arrival in Hungary a few days later, the imperial court ordered the Hungarian parliament and government dissolved.

A more recent historian, Kenneth Holum, states that Anthemius had tried to make family ties between himself and the imperial family: “ Married long since and many years Pulcheria ’ s senior, Anthemis naturally proposed a descendent or close relative, a grandson perhaps ... born a few years earlier than Pulcheria and an excellent prospect for her hand ” Pulcheria had found herself in a position where she would have to give her power up to her potential husband, for once a woman in the imperial court married her power was to be relinquished to her husband.