It is thicker than the mammalian retina and has a higher metabolic activity, but it lacks proper vasculature.

Rather, the mammalian corpus luteum, like the macula lutea in the retina of the mammalian eye, merely concentrates carotenoids from the diet.

GABA is a very common neurotransmitter used in IPSPs in the adult mammalian brain and retina.

Such an observation led him to the conclusion that neither rods nor cones, located in the outer retina, are necessary for circadian entrainment and that a third class of photoreceptor exists in the mammalian eye.

They constitute a third class of photoreceptor cells in the mammalian retina, beside the already known rod and cone photoreceptors.

Parallel processing in the mammalian retina.

Another opsin found in the mammalian retina, melanopsin, is involved in circadian rhythms and pupillary reflex but not in image-forming.

Many scale-space operations show a high degree of similarity with receptive field profiles recorded from the mammalian retina and the first stages in the visual cortex.

Horizontal cells are the laterally interconnecting neurons in the outer plexiform layer of the retina of mammalian eyes.

Photosensitive ganglion cells, also called photosensitive Retinal Ganglion Cells ( pRGC ), intrinsically photosensitive Retinal Ganglion Cells ( ipRGC ) or melanopsin-containing ganglion cells, are a type of neuron ( nerve cell ) in the retina of the mammalian eye.

In Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the AC-III polypeptide is only half as long, comprising one 6-transmembrane domain followed by a cytoplasmic domain, but two of these form a functional homodimer that resembles the mammalian architecture.

The layout of this is not, however, well characterised apart from the compaction of one of the two X chromosomes in mammalian females into the Barr body.

The geographical isolation and recent glacial history of Shetland have resulted in a depleted mammalian fauna and the Brown Rat and House Mouse are two of only three species of rodent present on the islands.

Although mammals do not produce chitin, they have two functional chitinases ( Chitotriosidase-CHIT1 and acidic mammalian chitinase-AMCase ) as well as chitinase-like proteins ( such as YKL-40 ) that have high sequence similarity but lack chitinase activity.

In placental mammals, the inactivation is random as between the two Xs ; thus the mammalian female is a mosaic in respect of her X chromosomes.

Instead, for the purposes of describing their anatomy and enumerating their bones, mammalian and human skulls are divided differently: They are deemed to consist of two categorical parts, the neurocranium and the viscerocranium.

Initially the countercurrent exchange mechanism and its properties were proposed in 1951 by professor Werner Kuhn and two of his former students who called the mechanism found in the Loop of Henle in mammalian kidneys a Countercurrent multiplier and confirmed by laboratory findings in 1958 by Professor Carl W. Gottschalk.

Current European legislation demands that " acute toxicity tests must be carried out in two or more mammalian species " covering " at least two different routes of administration ".

In 1990, Bonaparte described Vucetichia gracilis on the basis of what he interpreted as two upper molars of a relative of Gondwanatherium within the order Gondwanatheria, a small mammalian group that was at the time known only from Argentinean fossils and thought to be related to xenarthrans as part of a group called Paratheria.

In the evolution of the mammalian jaw, two of the bones of the jaw structure ( the articular bone of the lower jaw, and quadrate ) were reduced in size and incorporated into the ear, while many others have been fused together.

It contains three monotypic genera ; of the three species in the family, only two survive and both of them, the Kokako and the Saddleback, are endangered species, threatened primarily by the predations of introduced mammalian species such as rats, mustelids and possums.

VSIV is an arbovirus ; natural VSIV infections encompass two steps, cytolytic infections of mammalian hosts and transmission by insects.

With only two sheep left on the island ( at July 2007 ) and few if any other permanent mammalian residents, Pabbay is home in summer to many ground-nesting birds.

In addition, two further systems are involved, composed of the ubiquitin-like protein Atg8 ( known as LC3 in mammalian cells ) and the Atg4 protease on the one hand and the Atg12-Atg5-Atg16 complex on the other.

Early in development the mammalian embryo has three distinct layers: ectoderm ( external layer ), endoderm ( internal layer ) and in between those two layers the middle layer or mesoderm.

This is a family of proteins, which include the mammalian hormones Follicle-stimulating hormone ( FSH ), Luteinizing hormone ( LH ), placental chorionic gonadotropins hCG and eCG and chorionic gonadotropin ( CG ), as well as at least two forms of fish gonadotropins.

In mammalian cells, there are two or more genes encoding cytosolic Hsp90 homologues, with the human Hsp90α showing 85 % sequence identity to Hsp90β.

The mammalian fauna of the region includes six species of marsupials, three muskrats, at least 58 bats, three primates, seven edentates, two rabbits, one ground hog, three species of squirrels, one species of spiny mouse, at least 15 species of long-tailed rats and mice ( family Muridae ); one species of porcupine, one species of agouti, one paca, two canids, five mustelids, four species of procyonids, six species of felines, two species of wild pigs, two species of deer, and one tapir.

The genome sequencing of Giardia lamblia revealed the presence of two MAPK genes, one of them similar to the already-well-known mammalian MAPKs ( ERKs, p38s, etc.

In mammalian cells, DNA methylation occurs mainly at the C5 position of CpG dinucleotides and is carried out by two general classes of enzymatic activities – maintenance methylation and de novo methylation.

In addition, following aggressive incidents, various forms of conflict resolution have been observed in mammalian species, particularly in gregarious primates.

Typically the promastigote and epimastigote forms are found in insect hosts, trypomastigote forms in the mammalian bloodstream and amastigotes in intracellular environments.

In these forms the ovisac nurtures the developing embryo, often with the aid of vascular outgrowths similar to, but much simpler than, the mammalian placenta.

In the mammalian brain, the posterior surface of the hypothalamus forms the front wall of the third ventricle ( a cerebrospinal fluid-filled cavity ) and clusters of cells ( osmoreceptors ) on this surface, notably in the organum vasculosum of the lamina terminalis ( OVLT ) and subfornical organ ( SFO ), signal this cellular dehydration to other parts of the brain, and thirst is experienced.

Thirteen TLRs ( named simply TLR1 to TLR13 ) have been identified in humans and mice together, and equivalent forms of many of these have been found in other mammalian species.

He then investigated the rich deposit of fossil vertebrata at Pikermi and brought to light a remarkable mammalian fauna, Miocene in age, and intermediate in its forms between European, Asiatic and African types.

While Ste5 actually forms a ternary complex with Ste7 and Fus3 to promote phosphorylation of the latter, known mammalian scaffold proteins appear to work by very different mechanisms.

It forms in the ventral, caudal region of mammalian embryos of both sexes, and eventually develops into a phallus.

The separation of the Gondwana islands before the mammalian expansion that allowed the radiation of flightless birds ( Moa, Kiwi, Sylviornis, Cagous ) and Mesozoic reptilian forms such as the Tuatara of New Zealand.

It is present in two forms in mammalian cells, TK1 and TK2.

The extracellular forms of phospholipases A2 have been isolated from different venoms ( snake, bee, and wasp ), from virtually every studied mammalian tissue ( including pancreas and kidney ) as well as from bacteria.