These were followed by significant numbers of freed Africans in the War of 1812, Irish immigrants in the mid 19th century and Dutch immigrants after World War II.

For comparison, a Roman 1st BC century catapult using stones of 6. 55 kg fired with a kinetic energy of 16, 000 joules, while a mid 19th century 12 pound cannon firing projectiles of 4. 1 kg fired the projectile with a kinetic energy of 240, 000 joules.

By the Roman period brass was being deliberately produced from metallic copper and zinc minerals using the cementation process and variations on this method continued until the mid 19th century.

By the mid late 18th century developments in cheaper zinc distillation such as John-Jaques Dony's horizontal furnaces in Belgium and the reduction of tariffs on zinc as well as demand for corrosion resistant high zinc alloys increased the popularity of speltering and as a result cementation was largely abandoned by the mid 19th century.

Southern and mid-western states also passed numerous laws to protect Sunday during the mid to late 19th century.

Until the mid 19th century most boats were of all natural materials ; primarily wood although reed, bark and animal skins were also used.

By the mid 19th century, many boats had been built with iron or steel frames but still planked in wood.

Boxing evolved from 16th and 18th century prizefights ( detailed further down the page ), largely in Great Britain, to the forerunner of modern boxing in the mid 19th century, again initially in Great Britain and later in the United States.

Community colleges carry on the tradition of adult education, which was established in Australia around mid 19th century when evening classes were held to help adults enhance their numeracy and literacy skills.

By the mid 19th century, Edward Frankland, F. A.

By the mid 19th century, the South, The city of New Orleans in particular, being situated as a key to commerce on the Mississippi River and in the Gulf, had become the largest U. S. city not on the Atlantic seaboard and the fourth largest in the U. S. overall.

Historically, a marble or limestone edge runner mill, running on a limestone bed was used in Great Britain ; however, by the mid 19th century AD this had changed to either an iron shod stone wheel or a cast iron wheel running on an iron bed.

Greenwich Village, however, was known in the late 19th to mid 20th centuries as an artists ' haven, the bohemian capital, and the East Coast birthplace of the Beat movement.

Although the HBC maintained a monopoly on the fur trade during the early mid 19th century there was competition from James Sinclair and Andrew McDermot ( Dermott ), independent traders in the Red River Colony.

This was followed by the Little Ice Age, from the 13th or 14th century to the mid 19th century, which was a period of significant cooling, though not everywhere as severe as previous times during neoglaciation.

In the mid 19th century Canada, marsh horseshoes kept horses from sinking into the soft intertidal mud during dike-building.

Formal schooling in a classroom setting has been the most common means of schooling throughout the world, especially in developed countries, since the early and mid 19th century.

For George Woodcock this attitude can be also motivated by certain idea of resistance to progress and of rejection of the growing materialism which is the nature of American society in the mid 19th century.

In the mid 19th century more complex classification systems were developed to allow governments to manage their information according to the degree of sensitivity.

As anarcho-communism emerged in the mid 19th century it had an intense debate with bakuninist collectivism and as such within the anarchist movement over participation in syndicalism and the workers movement as well as on other issues.

The next expansion period was in the mid 19th century and led to the modern stone and brick city.

The mid to late 19th century marks the beginning of the history of martial arts as modern sports developed out of earlier traditional fighting systems.

A significant wooden shipbuilding industry had developed in the community by the mid 19th century, allowing for incorporation, but the shipbuilding economy collapsed in the 1860s.

As with the California Gold Rush in the mid 19th century, mining for minerals and precious metals, along with ranching, was a driving factor in the Westward Expansion to the Pacific coast.

After the fall of the Akkadian empire in the mid 21st century BC, the Assyrians who were the northern branch of the Akkadian people, colonised parts of the region between the 21st and mid 18th centuries BC and claimed the resources, notably silver.

The fort was partially destroyed by the Dutch in the mid 17th century, rebuilt, then destroyed again in 1776 by an earthquake.

The social system of " courtly love ", as gradually elaborated by the Provençal troubadours from the mid twelfth century, soon spread.

Assyria continued to exist as a geopolitical entity until the Arab-Islamic conquest in the mid 7th century AD, and Assyrian identity, personal names and both spoken and written evolutions of Mesopotamian Aramaic ( which still contain many Akkadian loan words ) have survived among the Assyrian people from ancient times to this day.

Local cuisine patterns had established by the mid 18th century.

If the Byzantines adopted the crescent and star as a symbol of their city after the events of the mid 4th century BC, one is forced to wonder why they waited several hundred years before putting the symbol on only some of their coins.

In the mid 20th century aluminium gained popularity.

Since Daniel was a statesman during the Persian conquests, the Book of Daniel could have been written in a period when the Persians had their greatest influence on Aramaic, believed to be in the mid 6th century BC.

In the mid 3rd century, the Bastarnae were part of a Gothic-led grand coalition of lower Danube tribes which inflicted immense damage on the Balkan provinces of the Roman empire in a series of massive invasions.

During the mid 1st century AD, the Zarubintsy and Lukashevka cultures came to an end in their true form, possibly due to Sarmatian invasions and perturbations of central European trade due to Caesar's invasion of Gaul ( the ' heart ' of the La Tene culture ).

However, after a gap of 150 years, there is a final mention of Bastarnae in the mid 5th century.

The neighborhood was built in the mid 1950's on the former grounds of the Forest View Country Club, later known as Oak Valley Country Club, which was a golf course that closed down during the Great Depression.

The city boasts a four-star golf course, a water park, and the Carl Hubbell Museum featuring memorabilia from a famous early to mid 1900s New York Giants left-handed pitcher.

When Continental Europe produced its first global golf stars in the 1970s, such as Seve Ballesteros, and especially when Europe began to notch wins over the United States in the Ryder Cup in the mid 1980s, there was widespread optimism about the future standing of the European Tour relative to the PGA Tour.

Corporate acquisitions in the mid 1980s included Dellwood, a dairy processor, Jiffy Lube, an auto service franchiser, Mueller, a fluid flow control manufacturer, Peebles Department Stores and golf cart manufacturer Club Car in the US, along with yacht maker Riva in Europe.

Until the mid 1980s, AMF's range of consumer goods included powered model airplanes, snow skis, lawn and garden equipment, Ben Hogan golf clubs, Voit inflatable balls, exercycles and exercise equipment, Hatteras yachts, Alcort sailboats, Nimble bicycles, motorized bicycles, mopeds, and SCUBA gear.

Although the prize money is fairly modest compared to tournaments on the PGA Tour and the European Tour, the Australian Open's position as the national open of one of the traditional golf powers means that its roll of honour for the years from the mid 1950s to the late 1980s includes many of the most distinguished international golfers of that era, including several Americans.

Facilities provided for the residents include a primary school, a yacht club and a staff club equipped with a pool, tennis courts and squash courts ( and in the mid 1960s an 18-hole golf course and a secondary school, of which only the golf course remains ).

Back in the mid 70s after a round of golf with all at dinner, Jack would begin reciting the day's events, including everyone involved and everything that happened.

Ralph John Lomma ( March 13, 1924 – September 12, 2011 ) is often credited, along with his brother, Al, with popularizing miniature golf in the mid 1950s through their design and manufacture of now famous obstacles such as castles, clown heads and windmills.

Although there is no official golf course in Achmelvich a nine hole pitching course was created by the Richmond family in the mid 1980's.