In recent years, we have come increasingly to recognize that ideas have a history and that not the least important chapters of this history have to do with thematic or conceptual aspects of literature and the arts, although these aspects should be studied in conjunction with the history of philosophy, of religion, and of the sciences.

Courses are offered in ethics, the philosophy and history of religion, Christian thought and history, and the Bible.

East Meadow has philosophy, psychology, and religion ; ;

Ideas and tenets of Zoroastrian schools of Early Persian philosophy are part of many works written in Middle Persian and of the extant scriptures of the zoroastrian religion in Avestan language.

In philosophy, religion, mythology, and fiction, the afterlife ( also referred to as life after death, or Hereafter ) is the concept of a realm, or the realm itself ( whether physical or transcendental ), in which an essential part of an individual's identity or consciousness continues to reside after the death of the body in the individual's lifetime.

He later propounded his own philosophy — Lawsonomy — and the Lawsonian religion.

In 1880 the school moved to the Hillside Chapel, a building next to the house, where he held conversations and, over the course of successive summers, as he entered his eighties, invited others to give lectures on themes in philosophy, religion and letters.

According to Porphyry, the parents of Ammonius were Christians, but upon learning Greek philosophy, Ammonius rejected his parents ' religion for paganism.

Witnessing sectarianism and strife in 19th century Scotland regarding religion and philosophy, Carnegie kept his distance from organized religion and theism.

The Minḥat Ḳenaot is instructive reading for the historian because it throws much light upon the deeper problems which agitated Judaism, the question of the relation of religion to the philosophy of the age, which neither the zeal of the fanatic nor the bold attitude of the liberal-minded could solve in any fixed dogmatic form or by any anathema, as the independent spirit of the congregations refused to accord to the rabbis the power possessed by the Church of dictating to the people what they should believe or respect.

As a theory relevant to the origin of the universe, the Big Bang has significant bearing on religion and philosophy.

Using stricter definitions of religion, Confucianism has been described as a moral science or philosophy.

Taoism ( Daoism ) is a philosophy and later also developed into a religion based on the texts the Tao Te Ching ( Dào Dé Jīng ; ascribed to Laozi ) and the Zhuangzi ( partly ascribed to Zhuangzi ).

Buddhism is a religion, a practical philosophy, and arguably a psychology, focusing on the teachings of Gautama Buddha, who lived on the Indian subcontinent most likely from the mid-6th to the early 5th century BCE.

* Questions about the nature and existence of a monotheistic deity, which have profoundly influenced Western philosophy, have not been important in Chinese philosophies or a source of great conflict in Chinese traditional religion.

Mather tried to convince others that philosophy and science could work together with religion instead of against it.

; In religion and philosophy:

The empire that grew from Athenian conquest spurred the spread of Greek language, religion, science and philosophy throughout the colonies.

The opposition and combination of the universe's two basic principles of yin and yang is a large part of Chinese philosophy, and is an important feature of Taoism, both as a philosophy and as a religion.

The religion has been likened to Zen, based on similarities with absurdist interpretations of the Rinzai school, as well as Taoist philosophy.

In English, the words Daoism and Taoism ( or ) are the subject of an ongoing controversy over the preferred romanization for naming this native Chinese philosophy and Chinese religion.

Some scholars consciously adopt " Daoism " in order to distinguish the Chinese philosophy and religion from what " Taoism " embodied in the 19th-and 20th-century Western imaginations.

is a philosophy which holds that reason and observation of the natural world, without the need for organized religion, can determine that the universe is the product of a creator deity.

Later, the term acquired a broader meaning in philosophy, where it is formulated as the problem of limiting the beliefs that have to be updated in response to actions.

The problem has spawned numerous scholarly works addressing it directly, while questions that relate to it have been addressed in fields as diverse as astronomy, biology, ecology, and philosophy.

In The Understanding of the Brain ( 1973 ), Eccles summarizes his philosophy: " Now before discussing brain function in detail I will at the beginning give an account of my philosophical position on the so-called ' brain-mind problem ' so that you will be able to relate the experimental evidence to this philosophical position.

More recently, Martin Heidegger used " lēthē " to symbolize the " concealment of Being " or " forgetting of Being " that he saw as a major problem of modern philosophy.

In contemporary analytic philosophy, the issue of subject — and more specifically the " point of view " of the subject, or " subjectivity " -- has received attention as one of the major intractable problems in philosophy of mind ( a related issue being the mind-body problem ).

In the Routledge philosophy guidebook to Plato and the Republic, Nickolas Pappas describes the " problem of misogyny " and states

Understanding the relationship between the brain and the mind – mind-body problem is one of the central issues in the history of philosophy – is a challenging problem both philosophically and scientifically.

The collapse of logical positivism renewed interest in philosophy of religion, prompting philosophers like William Alston, John Mackie, Alvin Plantinga, Robert Merrihew Adams, Richard Swinburne, and Antony Flew not only to introduce new problems, but to re-open classical topics such as the nature of miracles, theistic arguments, the problem of evil, ( see existence of God ) the rationality of belief in God, concepts of the nature of God, and many more.

John Stuart Mill discussed the problem of universals in the course of a book that eviscerated the philosophy of Sir William Hamilton.

In contemporary philosophy, physicalism is most frequently associated with the mind-body problem in philosophy of mind, regarding which physicalism holds that all that has been ascribed to " mind " is more correctly ascribed to " brain " or the activity of the brain.

The problem of defining proper names, and of explaining their meaning, is one of the most recalcitrant in modern analytical philosophy.

Postmodern philosophy is often particularly skeptical about simple binary oppositions characteristic of structuralism, emphasizing the problem of the philosopher cleanly distinguishing knowledge from ignorance, social progress from reversion, dominance from submission, and presence from absence.

In The Catholic Encyclopedia ( 1914 ), Constantine Kempf argued that, following Leibniz's work, philosophers called their works on the problem of evil ' theodicies ', and philosophy about God was brought under the discipline of theodicy.

The demarcation problem refers to the distinction between science and nonscience ( including pseudoscience ); Karl Popper called this the central question in the philosophy of science.

The problem of induction is one of considerable debate and importance in the philosophy of science: is induction indeed justified, and if so, how?

The mind-body problem, i. e. the relationship of the mind to the body, is commonly seen as the central issue in philosophy of mind, although there are other issues concerning the nature of the mind that do not involve its relation to the physical body.

Even though it is apparently simple, the paradox's underlying complexities have even led to it being called a " significant problem " for philosophy.

Some modern approaches to the problem have involved semantic debates over whether language — and therefore philosophy — can meaningfully address the concept of omnipotence itself.

Kripke writes that this paradox is " the most radical and original skeptical problem that philosophy has seen to date.

For example, the problem of free will in philosophy involves various key concepts, including the concepts of freedom, moral responsibility, determinism, ability, etc.

Norbert M. Samuelson writes: "… this question of dating the universe has never been a problem of Jewish philosophy, ultimately because that philosophy … has never taken the literal meaning of the Bible to be its revealed, true meaning.