Though controversial ( with many traditional herpetologists still using Bufo marinus ) the binomial Rhinella marina is gaining in acceptance with such bodies as the IUCN, Encyclopaedia of Life, Amphibian Species of the World and increasing numbers of scientific publications adopting its usage.

Because of the rules of scientific naming, or " binomial nomenclature ", each genus should have a designated type, although in practice there is a backlog of older names that may not yet have a type.

Such a name is called a binomial name ( which may be shortened to just " binomial "), a binomen or a scientific name ; more informally it is also called a Latin name.

In scientific works, the " authority " for a binomial name is usually given, at least when it is first mentioned.

Prior to the adoption of the modern binomial system of naming species, a scientific name consisted of a generic name combined with a specific name that was from one to several words long.

Its binomial scientific name was first used by Erxleben in 1777 ; it is an amalgam of Pallas ' generic designation ( 1766 ) and Linnaeus ' specific conferral ( 1758 ).

The scientific binomial name of this plant was initially Orchis conopsea, proposed by the Swedish naturalist and botanist Carl von Linné ( 1707-1778 ) in 1753.

In other words, they have not yet been differentiated from similar species and assigned scientific ( binomial ) names in articles in journals recognized by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature ( ICZN ).

In fact, the description he used in Systema Naturae was the name under which the bird went in the Fauna Svecica, demonstrating the value of his new binomial nomenclature by compressing the long-winded names formerly used in biological classification into much simpler scientific names like Anas crecca.

* tautonym: a binomial or scientific name in the taxonomy of living things in which the generic and specific names are the same, such as Gorilla gorilla ; a scientific name in which the specific name is repeated, such as Homo sapiens sapiens as distinct from Homo sapiens neanderthalensis ; a noun component that is repeated, such as aye-aye or tom-tom ; a personal name where both forename and surname are identical, such as Francis Francis

The form of scientific names for organisms that we know as binomial nomenclature is derived from the noun-adjective form of vernacular names used by prehistoric cultures.

85 Ren-losta )— the vernacular binomial system thus preceded his scientific binomial system.

The Latinized names used in scientific binomial nomenclature can be difficult for laymen to learn, remember, and pronounce, therefore in such books as field guides, biologists have coined and published lists of coined common names.

It seems reasonable to assume that the form of scientific names we call binomial nomenclature is derived from this simple and practical way of constructing common names-but with the use of Latin as a universal language.

Later, Latham realised that only the use of the Linnean binomial system would give him the honour of originating the species ' scientific names.

Latin continues to be used in certain fields of science, notably binomial nomenclature in biology, while other fields such as mathematics use vernacular ; see scientific nomenclature for details.

The first scientific name for Leontopodium alpinum which was validly published according to the current binomial nomenclature is Gnaphalium alpinum in the first edition ( 1753 ) of Linnaeus's Species Plantarum.

This was the first glimpse of non-anthropocentric botanical science since Theophrastus and, coupled with the new system of binomial nomenclature, resulted in " scientific herbals " called Floras that detailed and illustrated the plants growing in a particular region.

Robusta is a common second part of a binomial name, with the meaning " robust ", and forms part of the scientific names of the following species:

Many of the animals included were given a scientific name for the first time, following the binomial system of Carolus Linnaeus.

# Change generic bio-names into binomial scientific names

A less confrontational vision of scientific discovery is proposed by Adloff He suggests that hindsight criticism of the early publications should be mitigated by the nascent state of radiochemistry, highlights the prudence of Debierne's claims in the original papers, and notes that nobody can contend that Debierne's substance did not contain actinium.

The decision-making participants are the Consultative Parties and, in addition to the 12 original signatories, include 16 countries that have demonstrated their interest in Antarctica by carrying out substantial scientific activity there.

The text also marked the end of his original scientific work.

It has been rejected by the mainstream scientific community because the original experimental results could not be replicated consistently and reliably,

Coming from this phenomenological perspective on culturally mediated and socially situated action, Holzkamp launched a devastating and original methodological attack on behaviorism ( which he termed S – R ( stimulus – response ) psychology ) based on linguistic analysis, showing in minute detail the rhetorical patterns by which this approach to psychology creates the illusion of " scientific objectivity " while at the same time losing relevance for understanding culturally situated, intentional human actions.

Of the 33 works dedicated to him, thirteen were original or translated works of literature, which May says suggest he was more sought out for patronage by literary writers, as opposed to authors of religious or scientific works, than other patrons of similar means.

It is also difficult to accurately translate original alchemy texts, especially medieval Chinese texts which employ metaphor to describe unexplained phenomena, into contemporary scientific language with its rigidly defined terminology.

# A scientific theory may not contain any theoretical terms ( an example of this is Darwin's original theory of evolution ).

The Soviet copy of the original document was declassified in 1992 and published in a scientific journal in early 1993.

Computerized instruments often keep a copy of the " raw data " from sensors before processing, which is the ultimate defense against processing bias, and similarly scientific standards require preservation of the original unenhanced " raw " versions of images used as research data.

Meanwhile George Sarton and Lynn Thorndike have both argued that scientific progress was perhaps less original than has traditionally been supposed.

After analyzing essays from " the academic Left ", scientists argued that some of these critical writers were ignorant of the original scientific documents they were criticizing and, therefore, were making a series of nonsensical statements about the nature and intent of science.

During this, Iron Man uses an abandoned scientific facility nearby to try and recreate his original armor.

* Articles are usually between five and twenty pages and are complete descriptions of current original research findings, but there are considerable variations between scientific fields and journals – 80-page articles are not rare in mathematics or theoretical computer science.

Most scientific journals are now highly specialized, and Nature is among the few journals ( the other weekly journals Science and Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences are also prominent examples ) that still publish original research articles across a wide range of scientific fields.

There are many fields of scientific research in which important new advances and original research are published as either articles or letters in Nature.

Flamsteed House, the original part of the Observatory, was designed by Sir Christopher Wren probably with the assistance of Robert Hooke and was the first purpose-built scientific research facility in Britain.

Although the idea has now become commonplace, a scientific origin for vampirism or zombies was fairly original when written.

" It implicitly also dismissed the original report of the Commission of Enquiry on the Coca Leaf by recognizing that " there is a need to undertake a scientific review to assess the coca-chewing habit and the drinking of coca tea.

As Muybridge explained, in some of his published sequences he had substituted images where original exposures had failed, in order to illustrate a representative movement ( rather than producing a strictly scientific recording of a particular sequence ).

His Harry Potter fan fiction story Harry Potter and the Methods of Rationality illustrates topics in cognitive science and rationality ( The New Yorker described it as " a thousand-page online ' fanfic ' text called ' Harry Potter and the Methods of Rationality ', which recasts the original story in an attempt to explain Harry's wizardry through the scientific method "), and has been favorably reviewed by authors David Brin & Rachel Aaron, Robin Hanson, Aaron Swartz, and by programmer Eric S. Raymond.

* Epidem. com-Epidemiology ( peer reviewed scientific journal that publishes original research on epidemiologic topics )

Tracking their silent voices ( original title: Auf der leisen Spur der Schnabelwale ) is a documentary about an Atlantic scientific expedition.