The first projected primary proto-movie was made by Eadweard Muybridge some time between 1877 and 1880.

Arthur P. Shimamura, a psychologist at the University of California Berkeley, has speculated that Muybridge suffered orbitofrontal cortex injuries, which may have led to some of the emotional, eccentric behavior reported by friends in later years, as well as freeing his creativity from conventional social inhibitions.

Muybridge established his reputation in 1867 with photos of the Yosemite Valley wilderness ( some of which used the same scenes taken by his contemporary Carleton Watkins ) and areas around San Francisco.

In 1872, the former governor of California Leland Stanford, a businessman and race-horse owner, hired Muybridge for some photographic studies.

Showing a single-minded dedication to scientific accuracy and artistic composition, Muybridge himself posed nude for some of the photographic sequences, such as one showing him swinging a miner's pick.

Muybridge published his photos in 1879 and received some public attention.

During its first 60 years, influential artists associated with the school included Eadweard Muybridge, photographer and pioneer of motion graphics ; Maynard Dixon, painter of San Francisco ’ s labor movement and of the landscape of the West ; Henry Kiyama, whose Four Immigrants Manga was the first graphic novel published in the U. S .; Sargent Claude Johnson, one of the first African-American artists from California to achieve a national reputation ; Louise Dahl-Wolfe, an innovative photographer whose work for Harper ’ s Bazaar in the 1930s defined a new American style of “ environmental ” fashion photography ; John Gutzon Borglum, the creator of the large-scale public sculpture known as Mt.

Muybridge produced sequences showing farm, industrial, construction, and household work, military maneuvers, and everyday activities.

After his work at the University of Pennsylvania, Muybridge travelled widely and gave numerous lectures and demonstrations of his still photography and primitive motion picture sequences.

* 1880-Eadweard Muybridge holds a public demonstration of his Zoopraxiscope, a magic lantern provided with a rotating disc with artist's renderings of Muybridge's chronophotographic sequences.

In effect, however, Muybridge had achieved the aesthetic opposite to modern bullet-time sequences, since his studies lacked the dimensionality of the later developments.

In his earlier years in San Francisco, Muybridge had become known for his landscape photography, particularly of the Yosemite Valley.

Muybridge was born in Kingston upon Thames, England on 9 April 1830 to John and Susan Muggeridge ; he had three brothers.

Muybridge later stated that he had changed his vocation at the suggestion of his physician.

Muybridge had left San Francisco in 1860 as a merchant, but returned in 1867 as a professional photographer, with highly proficient technical skills and an artist's eye.

By 1878, spurred on by Stanford to expand the experiments, Muybridge had successfully photographed a horse at a trot ; lantern slides have survived of this later work.

His defence attorney pleaded insanity due to the severe head injury which Muybridge had suffered in the 1860 stagecoach accident.

She had placed their son Florado Helios Muybridge ( nicknamed " Floddie " by friends ) with a French couple.

When Muybridge returned, he had the boy moved from a Catholic orphanage to a Protestant one, but otherwise had little to do with him.

Muybridge and Stanford had a major falling-out concerning his research on equine locomotion.

However, as a result of Muybridge not being credited in the book, the Royal Society of Arts withdrew an offer to fund his stop-motion studies in photography, and refused to publish a paper he had submitted, accusing him of plagiarism.

* 1878-Railroad tycoon Leland Stanford hired British photographer Eadweard Muybridge to settle a bet on whether a galloping horse ever had all four of its feet off the ground.

The English photographer Eadweard Muybridge carried out his " Photographic Investigation " in Palo Alto, California, to prove that Marey was right when he wrote that a galloping horse for a brief moment had all four hooves off the ground.

In 1872, Leland Stanford, former governor of California and horse enthusiast, hired Eadweard Muybridge to provide photographic proof that a galloping horse had all four hooves off the ground.

In the 1880s, Muybridge entered a very productive period at the University of Pennsylvania in Philadelphia, producing over 100, 000 images of animals and humans in motion, capturing what the human eye could not distinguish as separate movements.

During the construction of the San Francisco Mint in 1870 – 1872, Muybridge made a sequence of images of the building's progress, using the power of time-lapse photography to document changes over time.

Between 1883 and 1886, Muybridge made more than 100, 000 images, working obsessively in Philadelphia under the auspices of the University of Pennsylvania.

Eakins later favoured the use of multiple exposures on a single photographic negative to study motion more precisely, while Muybridge continued to use multiple cameras to produce separate images which could also be projected by his zoopraxiscope.

On February 25, 1888, in Orange, New Jersey, Muybridge gave a lecture that may have included a demonstration of his zoopraxiscope, a device that projected sequential images drawn around the edge of a glass disc, producing the illusion of motion.

Two days later, Muybridge and Edison met at Edison's laboratory in West Orange ; Muybridge later described how he proposed a collaboration to join his device with the Edison phonograph — a combination system that would play sound and images concurrently.

He adopted the name Eadweard Muybridge, believing it to be the original Anglo-Saxon form of his name.

It was used as a demonstration device by Muybridge in his illustrated lecture ( the original preserved in the Museum of Kingston upon Thames in England ).

This enabled a faster setup of Muybridge ’ s multiple-camera system, able to take more exposures faster due to the rapidity of the shutter speed.

Remington was one of the first American artists to illustrate the true gait of the horse in motion ( along with Thomas Eakins ), as validated by the famous sequential photographs of Eadweard Muybridge.

In the late 1870s he was introduced to the photographic motion studies of Eadweard Muybridge, particularly the equine studies, and became interested in using the camera to study sequential movement.

* June 19-Eadweard Muybridge successfully produces a fast-motion sequence of photographs showing a horse in movement, Sallie Gardner at a Gallop, using multiple cameras at Palo Alto, California, demonstrating that a running horse has all four legs lifted off the ground at once.

The lavish style of scientific illustration was followed in work on animal locomotion ( co-ordinated movement ) by Eadweard Muybridge ( 1830 – 1904 ) and James Bell Pettigrew ( 1832 – 1908 ); and-to a lesser extent-in D ' Arcy Thompson's masterpiece of mathematical biology On Growth and Form ( 1917 ).

In spite of early attempts to classify gaits based on footprints or the sound of footfalls, it wasn't until Eadweard Muybridge and Étienne-Jules Marey began taking rapid series of photographs that proper scientific examination of gaits could begin.

In 1872 Stanford commissioned the photographer Eadweard Muybridge to undertake scientific studies of the gaits of horses at a trot and gallop at his Palo Alto Stock Farm.

Eadweard Muybridge photo sequence

Animation sequence by Eadweard Muybridge of a horse in motion

Around that time, LeWitt also discovered the work of the late 19th-century photographer Eadweard Muybridge, whose studies in sequence and locomotion were an early influence.

Animated sequence of a race horse galloping by Eadweard Muybridge.