In the subsurface environment, it is also produced through neutron capture by or alpha emission by calcium.

Besides being more efficient in the utilization of the applied nutrients, slow-release technologies also reduce the impact on the environment and the contamination of the subsurface water.

When sedimentary strata accumulate through time, the environment can shift, forming a change in facies in the subsurface at one location.

This environment, highly acidic and devoid of oxygen, denies the prevalent subsurface aerobic organisms any opportunity to initiate decomposition.

The subsurface environment of El Dorado Hills is relatively free of groundwater and soil contamination, based upon an areawide analysis of the potential for pesticide contamination and evaluation of underground storage tanks.

# Inspecting sites, analysing factors such as climate, soil, flora, fauna, surface and subsurface water and drainage ; and consulting with clients and making recommendations regarding methods of work and sequences of operations for projects related to the landscape and built environment.

Finite Element programs are more flexible in design ( triangular elements vs. the block elements most finite difference models use ) and there are some programs available ( SUTRA, a 2D or 3D density-dependent flow model by the USGS ; Hydrus, a commercial unsaturated flow model ; FEFLOW, a commercial modeling environment for subsurface flow, solute and heat transport processes ; OpenGeoSys, a scientific open-source project for thermo-hydro-mechanical-chemical ( THMC ) processes in porous and fractured media ; and COMSOL Multiphysics ( FEMLAB ) a commercial general modeling environment ), but unless they are gaining in importance they are still not as popular in with practicing hydrogeologists as MODFLOW is.

Transition zone seismic crews will often work on land, in the transition zone and in the shallow water marine environment on a single project in order to obtain a complete map of the subsurface.

* International Tunneling and Underground Space Association, an organization founded in 1974, comprising currently 55 member nations and 284 affiliate members, aiming to encourage the use of the subsurface for the benefit of public, environment and sustainable development, and to promote advances in planning, design, construction, maintenance and safety of tunnels and underground space

The primary advantage of biostimulation is that bioremediation will be undertaken by already present native microorganisms that are well-suited to the subsurface environment, and are well distributed spatially within the subsurface.

# Several petrological investigations such as ore petrological work on selected metalliferous deposits for unravelling the environment for ore-forming process, analysis of subsurface sediments and water in arsenic-affected areas to mitigate the arsenic pollution problem are some of the studies being pursued in the Department.

Experimental equipment will measure the ability of the subsurface to accept and retain CO < sub > 2 </ sub >.

High-resolution seismic profiles near the shelf edge show evidence of near-surface slumps and faulting 20 – 50 m in the subsurface and concentrations ( about 500 m < sup > 2 </ sup >) of methane gas.

While it was already known that peridotite reacts with CO < sub > 2 </ sub > to form a solid carbonate-like limestone or marble mineral, the study concludes that this process can be sped up a million times or more with simple drilling and hydraulic fracturing to allow injection of the CO < sub > 2 </ sub > into the subsurface peridotite formation.

In 1991 subsurface tests of the 183 m < sup > 2 </ sup > shelter site were made and determined that evidence existed only for occupation by Upper Mississippian groups.

* organic matter infiltrating into the subsurface from rivers, lakes, and marine systems "< ref > George Aiken, United States of America, United States Geological Survey, Organic Matter in Ground Water, 2002, 1 May 2007 < http :// water. usgs. gov / ogw / pubs / ofr0289 / ga_organic. htm >.</ ref >

He proposes that the impact heated up subsurface carbon dioxide permafrost causing explosive decompression that flooded down the Valles Marineris into the Northern Plains of Mars .< ref > Hoffman, Nick ; White Mars: A New Model for Mars ’ Surface and Atmosphere Based on CO < sub > 2 </ sub >; Academic Press ; 2000 .</ ref >

It is most frequently applied in the subsurface as sodium persulfate ( Na < sub > 2 </ sub > S < sub > 2 </ sub > O < sub > 8 </ sub >).

Iodine-129 (< sup > 129 </ sup > I ; half-life 15. 7 million years ) is a product of cosmic ray spallation on various isotopes of xenon in the atmosphere, in cosmic ray muon interaction with tellurium-130, and also uranium and plutonium fission, both in subsurface rocks and nuclear reactors.

This instrument has allowed scientists to determine the distribution of hydrogen ( H ), silicon ( Si ), iron ( Fe ), chlorine ( Cl ), thorium ( Th ) and potassium ( K ) in the shallow subsurface.

is created from the neutron spallation of as a result of subsurface nuclear explosions.

Much of the ACC transport is carried in this front, which is defined as the latitude at which a subsurface salinity minimum or a thick layer of unstratified Subantarctic Mode Water first appears, allowed by temperature dominating density stratification.

The group is found in England, northern France, the low countries, northern Germany, Denmark and in the subsurface of the southern part of the North Sea.

This is believed to be the cause of the recent appearance of large sinkholes along the western shore — incoming freshwater dissolves salt layers, rapidly creating subsurface cavities that subsequently collapse to form these sinkholes.

The master horizon, E, is used for subsurface horizons that have a significant loss of minerals ( eluviation ).

The Mariana Trench is a site chosen by researchers at Washington University and the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution in 2012 for a seismic survey to investigate the subsurface water cycle.

Processing of ore from a lode mine, whether it is a surface or subsurface mine, requires that the rock ore be crushed and pulverized before extraction of the valuable minerals begins.

( Most of the elongated triangular continental mass of Zealandia is a subsurface plateau.

It is similar in principle and action to subsurface drip irrigation.

Corrosion is mainly due to abiotic factors ; however, at least 20 % of corrosion is caused by microorganisms that are attached to the metal subsurface ( i. e., microbially-influenced corrosion ).

Although Triton is made of various ices, its subsurface processes are similar to those that produce volcanoes and rift valleys on Earth, but with water and ammonia lavas as opposed to liquid rock.

The study of sedimentary rocks and rock strata provides information about the subsurface that is useful for civil engineering, for example in the construction of roads, houses, tunnels, canals or other constructions.

It is a common mineral in the Earth's subsurface but weathers quickly on the surface.

More usual is that the pore spaces of rocks in the subsurface are simply saturated with water — like a kitchen sponge — which can be pumped out for agricultural, industrial, or municipal uses.

For salinity control in such a case, annually an amount of drainage water is to be discharged from the aquifer by means of a subsurface drainage system and disposed of through a safe outlet.

The precious opal is hosted and found within a subsurface horizon or zone of hard bentonite in-place which is considered a " lode " deposit.

Subsequent discoveries have shown that Ganymede's crust is actually almost 90 % ice or frost, covering a subsurface ocean.

In geophysics the refraction or reflection of seismic waves is used for research into the structure of the Earth's interior, and man made vibrations are often generated to investigate shallow, subsurface structures.

" The actual decision is left to the United Nations Organization Mars Authority ( UNOMA ), which greenlights terraforming, and a series of actions get underway, including the drilling of " moholes " to release subsurface heat ; thickening of the atmosphere according to a complicated bio-chemical formula that comes to be known as the " Russell cocktail " after Sax Russell ; and the detonation of nuclear explosions deep in the sub-surface permafrost to release water.

Image: PIA01130 Interior of Europa. jpg | Europa is believed to have a subsurface ocean

SVE and MPE utilize different technologies to treat the off-gas volatile organic compounds ( VOCs ) generated after vacuum removal of air and vapors ( and VOCs ) from the subsurface and include granular activated carbon ( most commonly used historically ), thermal and / or catalytic oxidation and vapor condensation.

Electromagnetic ( EM ) surveys can be used to detect a wide variety of base metal sulphide deposits via detection of conductivity anomalies which can be generated around sulphide bodies in the subsurface.