This is the chief source of knowledge of the North until the thirteenth century.

Up to the twelfth or thirteenth century, the duty of the Apostolic-or Roman Chancery was to prepare and expedite the pontifical letters and writs for collation of church dignities and other matters of grave importance which were discussed and decided in Consistory.

About the thirteenth or fourteenth century, the popes, then residing at Avignon in France, began to reserve the collation of a great many benefices, so that all the benefices, especially the greater ones, were to be conferred through the Roman Curia ( Lega, Praelectiones Jur.

In fact, Alexander was one of the major influences for the advancement of Anselmian thought in the thirteenth century.

Hops had been used for medicinal and food flavouring purposes since Roman times ; by the 7th century in Carolingian monasteries in what is now Germany, beer was being made with hops, though it isn't until the thirteenth century that widespread cultivation of hops for use in beer is recorded.

Before the thirteenth century, beer was flavoured with plants such as yarrow, wild rosemary, and bog myrtle, and other ingredients such as juniper berries, aniseed and ginger, which would be combined into a mixture known as gruit and used as hops are now used ; between the thirteenth and the sixteenth century, during which hops took over as the dominant flavouring, beer flavoured with gruit was known as ale, while beer flavoured with hops was known as beer.

Before the rise of the mendicant orders ( wandering friars ) in the thirteenth century, the daily services were usually contained in a number of large volumes.

However, mendicant friars travelled around a lot and needed a shortened, or abbreviated, daily office contained in one portable book, and single-volume breviaries flourished from the thirteenth century onwards.

The list survives in the Poppleton Manuscript, a thirteenth century compilation.

The movement was extinguished in the early decades of the thirteenth century by the Albigensian Crusade, when the Cathars were persecuted and massacred and the Inquisition was set up to finish the job.

The earliest documentation of a " Chianti wine " dates back to the thirteenth century when viticulture was known to flourish in the " Chianti Mountains " around Florence.

Perennialism was originally religious in nature, developed first by Thomas Aquinas in the thirteenth century in his work De Magistro ( The Teacher ).

" The work remained unsurpassed until the thirteenth century and was regarded as the summit of all knowledge.

However, because al-Rammah attributes his material to " his father and forefathers ", al-Hassan argues that gunpowder became prevalent in Syria and Egypt by " the end of the twelfth century or the beginning of the thirteenth ".

" Partington suggests that some of the book may have been compiled by Albert's students, " but since it is found in thirteenth century manuscripts, it may well be by Albert.

Colonization of the east also continued in the thirteenth century, most notably through the efforts of the Teutonic Knights.

From the mid thirteenth century to the present day all of the islands of the Clyde have remained part of Scotland.

* In eastern Swedish culture, from the thirteenth century until the nineteenth century, sons inherited twice as much as daughters.

The house of Gänsfleisch was one of the patrician families of the town, tracing its lineage back to the thirteenth century.

Kenneth Kitchen states that nearly all treaties in this period follow the pattern of Deuteronomy closely, while first-millennium treaties contrarily but consistently place " witnesses " earlier and omit prologue and blessing sections, requiring classification of the Sinai covenant and its renewals in Joshua with the fourteenth or thirteenth century rather than the sixth.

As Arab contact with the West expanded, so too did the game and its various permutations, and by the twelfth century, chess was becoming an entertaining diversion among a growing population of Europeans, including some scholars, clergy, the aristocracy, and the merchant classes ; thus, by the thirteenth century, the iconography and symbolism associated with chess would have been accessible and familiar to Alfonso and his literate court culture, who may have had access to the private library, and manuscripts, of Alfonso, including the Libro de juegos.

As an inheritor of a dynamic mixture of Arabic and Latin culture, Alfonso was steeped in the rich heritage of humanistic philosophy, and the production of his Libro de juegos reveals the compendium of world views that comprised the eclectic thirteenth century admixture of faith and science.

In July 1662, he was fascinated by the thirteenth century work of Johannes de Sacrobosco, De sphaera mundi, and on 12 September 1662 observed his first partial solar eclipse.

From the middle of the thirteenth century, the fact that the vassals ( the gokenin ) were allowed to become de facto owners of the land they administered, coupled to the custom that all gokenin children could inherit, led to the parcelization of the land and to a consequent weakening of the shogunate.

Robert de Emeldon, Lord Treasurer of Ireland, was born in Embleton towards the close of the thirteenth century.

Thus, Lucas de Tuy, writing in the late thirteenth century, portrays a monster, while Rodrigo Jiménez de Rada, rectifying the disparate accounts, shows Wittiza commencing his reign with promise and evolving into an tyrant.

Martial School ; its most famous member was the thirteenth century troubadour Bertran de Born.

Reginald Lyvet was probably the son of Gilbert de Lyvet, who was Lord Mayor of Dublin for several terms in the early thirteenth century, and was a partisan of William Marshal, 1st Earl of Pembroke.

At the 1907 Targa Florio, for instance, despite the talents of Victor Héméry and Hubert Le Blon ( late of the Darracq and Serpollet teams, respectively ), aided by Daimler works test driver George Ison, the Societa Officine de Luca Daimler ( Italian licence manufacturers ) entries finished thirteenth, twentieth, and twenty-sixth.

Muscraighe Mitine underwent three invasions during the thirteenth century ; from the Murcheatach Uí Briain and Richard de Cogan in 1201 and 1207 respectively, and finally from the MacCarthy family who had become the dominant and most powerful family in what was then known as Muscraighe Uí Fhloinn.

The public of the chansons de geste — the lay ( secular ) public of the eleventh to the thirteenth centuries — was largely illiterate, except for ( at least to the end of the 12th century ) members of the great courts and ( in the south ) smaller noble families.

Mary was from a family of status and her ancestors had connections in society, such as Thomas Arden, who fought in the thirteenth century civil war for the Barons and Simon de Montfort ; Robert Arden who fought in the War of Roses ; John Arden who served on the court of King Henry VII.

A French prose version was also prefixed to the old Croniques de Normandie ( probably of the thirteenth century ).

From the middle of the thirteenth century, the fact that gokenin were allowed to become de facto owners of the land they administered, coupled to the custom that all gokenin children could inherit, brought to the parcelization of the land and to a consequent weakening of the shogunate.

Saer de Quincy, 1st Earl of Winchester ( 1155 – 3 November 1219 ) was one of the leaders of the baronial rebellion against King John of England, and a major figure in both Scotland and England in the decades around the turn of the twelfth and thirteenth centuries.

Here, the de facto and de jure 12th earl are counted as together comprising the twelfth and the thirteenth in the series, allowing for the traditional numbering to be retained for the 14th and 15th earls.

On his death the right to the lordship passed to his elder son William, de jure thirteenth Lord, and then to his younger brother Henry.

This Castilian narrative poetry known as the Mester de Clerecía became popular in the thirteenth century.

It was the thirteenth town he had reconquered for God and King in this manner, he wrote jubilantly to the Conde de Galve, viceroy of New Spain.

The Anglo-Norman warrior hero of Gui de Warewic, marked Guy's first appearance in the early thirteenth century.

The narrative detail of the legend is obvious fiction, though it may have become vaguely connected with the family history of the Ardens and the Wallingford family, but it was accepted as authentic fact in the chronicle of Pierre de Langtoft ( Peter of Langtoft ) written at the end of the thirteenth century.