This is the chief source of knowledge of the North until the thirteenth century.

Up to the twelfth or thirteenth century, the duty of the Apostolic-or Roman Chancery was to prepare and expedite the pontifical letters and writs for collation of church dignities and other matters of grave importance which were discussed and decided in Consistory.

About the thirteenth or fourteenth century, the popes, then residing at Avignon in France, began to reserve the collation of a great many benefices, so that all the benefices, especially the greater ones, were to be conferred through the Roman Curia ( Lega, Praelectiones Jur.

In fact, Alexander was one of the major influences for the advancement of Anselmian thought in the thirteenth century.

Hops had been used for medicinal and food flavouring purposes since Roman times ; by the 7th century in Carolingian monasteries in what is now Germany, beer was being made with hops, though it isn't until the thirteenth century that widespread cultivation of hops for use in beer is recorded.

Before the thirteenth century, beer was flavoured with plants such as yarrow, wild rosemary, and bog myrtle, and other ingredients such as juniper berries, aniseed and ginger, which would be combined into a mixture known as gruit and used as hops are now used ; between the thirteenth and the sixteenth century, during which hops took over as the dominant flavouring, beer flavoured with gruit was known as ale, while beer flavoured with hops was known as beer.

Before the rise of the mendicant orders ( wandering friars ) in the thirteenth century, the daily services were usually contained in a number of large volumes.

However, mendicant friars travelled around a lot and needed a shortened, or abbreviated, daily office contained in one portable book, and single-volume breviaries flourished from the thirteenth century onwards.

The list survives in the Poppleton Manuscript, a thirteenth century compilation.

The movement was extinguished in the early decades of the thirteenth century by the Albigensian Crusade, when the Cathars were persecuted and massacred and the Inquisition was set up to finish the job.

The earliest documentation of a " Chianti wine " dates back to the thirteenth century when viticulture was known to flourish in the " Chianti Mountains " around Florence.

Perennialism was originally religious in nature, developed first by Thomas Aquinas in the thirteenth century in his work De Magistro ( The Teacher ).

" The work remained unsurpassed until the thirteenth century and was regarded as the summit of all knowledge.

However, because al-Rammah attributes his material to " his father and forefathers ", al-Hassan argues that gunpowder became prevalent in Syria and Egypt by " the end of the twelfth century or the beginning of the thirteenth ".

" Partington suggests that some of the book may have been compiled by Albert's students, " but since it is found in thirteenth century manuscripts, it may well be by Albert.

Colonization of the east also continued in the thirteenth century, most notably through the efforts of the Teutonic Knights.

From the mid thirteenth century to the present day all of the islands of the Clyde have remained part of Scotland.

* In eastern Swedish culture, from the thirteenth century until the nineteenth century, sons inherited twice as much as daughters.

The house of Gänsfleisch was one of the patrician families of the town, tracing its lineage back to the thirteenth century.

Kenneth Kitchen states that nearly all treaties in this period follow the pattern of Deuteronomy closely, while first-millennium treaties contrarily but consistently place " witnesses " earlier and omit prologue and blessing sections, requiring classification of the Sinai covenant and its renewals in Joshua with the fourteenth or thirteenth century rather than the sixth.

During the thirteenth century, especially, with the increasing influence of chivalry and aristocratic culture on poetry, song and the visual arts, the Madonna is represented as the Queen of Heaven, often enthroned.

In the thirteenth century, in France, Germany, and particularly, Italy, under the influence of Francis of Assisi a strong tradition of popular Christmas songs in the native language developed.

Through Aquinas and the Scholastic Christian theology of which he was a significant part, Aristotle became " academic theology's great authority in the course of the thirteenth century " and exerted an influence upon Christian theology that become both widespread and deeply embedded.

The long-held loyalty of the dukes of Lorraine to the Holy Roman Emperor had waned in the first half of the thirteenth century and French influence was pervasive leading to its permanent attachment to France in 1766.

Their political influence grew stronger through peaceful means, and the warrior monks played only very minor roles in the wars of the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries.

The influence of Nepalese art extended till Tibet and even beyond in China in regular order during the thirteenth century.

His influence was especially strong in many convents of women, particularly in the Dominican convent of Katharinental, a famous nursery of mysticism in the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries, and in that of Töss, where lived the mystic Elisabeth Stagel, who turned some of his Latin into German, collected and preserved most of his extant letters, and drew from him the history of his life which he himself afterwards developed and published.

This should not be viewed as a slow rise from parliamentary weakness in 1235 to strength in the 17th century, but rather a situation where in particular decades or sessions between the thirteenth and 17th century, parliament became particularly able to influence the Crown, while at other points that ability was more limited.

Around the turn of the thirteenth century, Layamon wrote his Brut, based on Wace's twelfth century Anglo-Norman epic of the same name ; Layamon's language is recognisably Middle English, though his prosody shows a strong Anglo-Saxon influence remaining.

His individual success helped CSKA Moscow capture their thirteenth consecutive Soviet championship and twelfth consecutive IIHF European Cup in 1989 ( they repeated as European champions the following year ).

The Easter Y-Fest is in its thirteenth year ( 2001 ) and continues to grow stronger as the individual events that make up Y-Fest, benefit from the joint marketing efforts of the Y-Fest Promotions Committee Inc.

This took place whilst Canova was in his thirteenth year ; and with Torretto he continued about two years, making in many respects considerable progress.

A thirteenth regional corporation was later created for Alaska Natives who no longer resided in Alaska.

Legends claim variously that Laozi was " born old "; that he lived for 996 years, with twelve previous incarnations starting around the time of the Three Sovereigns before the thirteenth as Laozi.

It was the thirteenth film in the Godzilla franchise.

Geneva was ranked as the world's thirteenth most important financial centre for competitiveness by the Global Financial Centres Index, ahead of Frankfurt, and third in Europe after London and Zürich.

She died shortly after his thirteenth birthday, and he was profoundly upset.

There was a very large slave market in Acre which functioned throughout the twelfth and thirteenth centuries.

As Arab contact with the West expanded, so too did the game and its various permutations, and by the twelfth century, chess was becoming an entertaining diversion among a growing population of Europeans, including some scholars, clergy, the aristocracy, and the merchant classes ; thus, by the thirteenth century, the iconography and symbolism associated with chess would have been accessible and familiar to Alfonso and his literate court culture, who may have had access to the private library, and manuscripts, of Alfonso, including the Libro de juegos.

As an inheritor of a dynamic mixture of Arabic and Latin culture, Alfonso was steeped in the rich heritage of humanistic philosophy, and the production of his Libro de juegos reveals the compendium of world views that comprised the eclectic thirteenth century admixture of faith and science.

The band's thirteenth studio album, entitled Lollipop, was released on April 12, 2011.