One view, especially held in evolutionary psychology, is that the presence of venomous spiders led to the evolution of a fear of spiders or made acquisition of a fear of spiders especially easy.

C. S. Lewis supported this argument and challenged the evolutionary naturalistic view of morality – that morality evolved and is a human construct – by arguing that without objective moral truths, moral scepticism would set in, leading to moral anarchy.

Because evolutionary naturalism proposes an empirical account of morality, it does not require morality to exist objectively ; Linville considers the view that this will lead to moral scepticism or antirealism.

Bryozoans ' evolutionary relationships to other phyla are also unclear, partly because scientists ' view of the family tree of animals is mainly influenced by better-known phyla.

Charles Darwin proposed the theory of universal common descent through an evolutionary process in On the Origin of Species, twice stating the hypothesis that there was only one progenitor for all life forms and ending with " There is a grandeur in this view of life, with its several powers, having been originally breathed into a few forms or into one ".

Much of Dennett's work since the 1990s has been concerned with fleshing out his previous ideas by addressing the same topics from an evolutionary standpoint, from what distinguishes human minds from animal minds ( Kinds of Minds ), to how free will is compatible with a naturalist view of the world ( Freedom Evolves ).

If we are to explain language's evolution, according to this view, we must tackle it as part of a wider one — the evolutionary emergence of symbolic culture as such.

He says that the view that mind is an epiphenomenon of brain activity is not consistent with evolutionary theory, because if mind were functionless, it would have disappeared long ago, as it would not have been favoured by evolution.

Some evolutionary biologists, on the other hand, view it as an undirected emergent property of the ecosystem: as each individual species pursues its own self-interest, their combined actions tend to have counterbalancing effects on environmental change.

" He said, " from an evolutionary point of view, superiority can only mean adaptive value-if it even means this.

The primordialist evolutionary view of nationalism has its origins in the evolutionary theories of Charles Darwin that were later substantially elaborated by John Tooby and Leda Cosmides.

Darwin's view, that early embryonic stages are similar to the same embryonic stage of related species but not to the adult stages of these species, has been confirmed by modern evolutionary developmental biology.

The discovery of the family has provided scientists a unique view into human evolutionary history.

Assuming a hereditary basis, one question from evolutionary psychology is why genes that increase the likelihood of psychosis evolved, assuming the condition would have been maladaptive from an evolutionary point of view.

" Gould and Lewontin asserted that it is Panglossian for evolutionary biologists to view all traits as atomized things that had been naturally selected for, and criticised biologists for not granting theoretical space to other causes, such as phyletic and developmental constraints.

While some evolutionary biologists claim that speciation events have remained relatively constant over time, some palaeontologists such as Niles Eldredge and Stephen Jay Gould have argued that species usually remain unchanged over long stretches of time, and that speciation occurs only over relatively brief intervals, a view known as punctuated equilibrium.

Following the development, from about 1937 to 1950, of the modern evolutionary synthesis, now generally referred to as the synthetic view of evolution or the modern synthesis, the term neo-Darwinian is often used to refer to contemporary evolutionary theory.

As Kim Sterelny summarizes Gould's view, " Gene differences do not cause evolutionary changes in populations, they register those changes ".

Indeed, many evolutionary biologists view domestication as a type of natural selection and adaptive change that occurs as organisms are brought under the control of human beings.

In the 1850s Owen began to support an evolutionary view that the history of life was the gradual unfolding of a teleological divine plan, in a continuous " ordained becoming ", with new species appearing by natural birth.

Some modern paleontologists still believe that Testudines are the only surviving branch of this ancient evolutionary grade, which includes groups such as procolophonids, millerettids, and pareiasaurs, although that view is not generally accepted.

Anthropologist John D. Hawks expresses the view that rather than explaining human traits simply and parsimoniously, it actually requires two explanations for each trait-first that proximity to water drove human evolution enough to significantly change the human phenotype and second that there was significant evolutionary pressure beyond mere phylogenetic inertia to maintain these traits ( which would not be adaptive on dry land ) and points out that exaptation is not an adequate reply.

The traditional view is that developmental biology (' evo-devo ') played little part in the synthesis, but an account of Gavin de Beer's work by Stephen Jay Gould suggests he may be an exception.

The question of human procreation, exceeds in the view of Paul VI specific disciplines such as biology, psychology, demography or sociology.

The conventional view in biology is that there are two major drives in love: sexual attraction and attachment.

The growth of genetics and the rise of molecular biology led to the application of the gene-centered view of evolution to explain avian phenomena.

WMCF concerns itself mainly with proposing and establishing an alternative view of mathematics, one grounding the field in the realities of human biology and experience.

It is often held that before evolution was developed as a scientific theory, there existed an essentialist view of biology that posited all species to be unchanging throughout time.

Some religious opponents of evolution continue to maintain this view of biology ( see creation-evolution controversy ).

He believed that economics and the sciences of complex phenomena in general, which in his view included biology, psychology, and so on, could not be modeled after the sciences that deal with essentially simple phenomena like physics.

* Mr. Tompkins Inside Himself ( 1967 ), A rewritten version of Mr. Tompkins Learns the Facts of Life giving a broader view of biology, including recent developments in molecular biology.

The traditional view is that developmental biology (' evo-devo ') played little part in the synthesis, but an account of Gavin de Beer's work by Stephen J. Gould suggests he may be an exception.

From the point of view of evolutionary developmental biology ( evo-devo ) where evolution is seen as the evolution of the development of organisms, Rolf Sattler emphasized that homology can also be partial.

As of April 2011, the Bookshelf had 845 titles covering a wide range of topics including molecular biology, biochemistry, cell biology, genetics, microbiology, disease states from a molecular and cellular point of view, research methods, and virology.

In short, Gold said about origin of natural hydrocarbons ( petroleum and natural gas ): Hydrocarbons are not biology reworked by geology ( as traditional view would hold ), but rather geology reworked by biology

It is the process of using data on the molecular constitution of biological organisms ' DNA, RNA, or both, in order to resolve questions in systematics, i. e. about their correct scientific classification or taxonomy from the point of view of evolutionary biology.

– happy finish – hard-on – hardcore pornography – harem – harem effect – harm reduction – harmatophilia – Harmful to Minors – harnesses – harpaxophilia – Hart's Line – health benefits of sex – heavy petting – hebephilia – hedonism – Hegar's sign – hematocolpos – hematometra – hemophilia – hen party – henogamy – Hentai – Hepatitis – Hepatitis A – Hepatitis B – Hepatitis C – Hepatitis D – Hepatitis E – Hepatitis G – Gilbert Herdt – hermaphrodite – hermaphroditism – herpes – Herpes simplex type II – Herpes simplex virus – Preben Hertoft – hetaera – hetaerae – heterocentrism – heteroflexible – heteronormativity – heterophilia – heterosexual – heterosexualism – heterosexuality – heterosexual-homosexual continuum – hierodule – hierogamy – hierophilia – Hieros Gamos – hieros gamos – high-class prostitute – high-class prostitution – hijra – Hindu marriage customs – Hindu view of marriage – Hindu views of homosexuality – hippocampus – Hippocrates – Magnus Hirschfeld – hirsuties papillaris genitalis – hirsuties papillaris penis – hirsuties papillaris vulvae – hirsutism – Hispanic marriage customs – histocompatibility – history of sex – The History of Sexuality – hitch a ride by flaunting-HIV – HIV test – HIV + – HIV-positive – HIV / AIDS – HIV / AIDS in Africa – HIV / AIDS in Asia – HIV / AIDS in Central Asia – HIV / AIDS in the People's Republic of China – HIV / AIDS in the Republic of China – HIV / AIDS in Eastern Europe – HIV / AIDS in Eastern Europe and Central Asia – HIV / AIDS in India – HIV / AIDS in Latin America – HIV / AIDS in Oceania – HIV / AIDS in Russia – HIV / AIDS in Taiwan – HIV / AIDS in the Caribbean – HIV / AIDS in the Russian Federation – HIV / AIDS in the United States – HIV / AIDS in Western Europe – hodophilia – hogging – hogtie bondage – holding hands – Xaviera Hollander – homicidophilia – homilophilia – homoeroticism – homoerotophobia – homogamy – homologue – homology ( biology ) – homomasculinity – homophile – homophobia – homosexology – homosexual – homosexual transsexual – homosexualism – homosexuality – homosexuality and Christianity – homosexuality in Africa – homosexuality in China – homosexuality in India – homosexuality in Japan – homosexuality in Latin America – homosocial – homosociality – honeymoon – honor killing – hood piercing – hooker – hookup – hormonal cyclicity – hormone – hormone blockers – hormone replacement therapy – hormone therapy – hormonodynamics – hot flashes – hot wax – hotwife – HRT – human branding – human chorionic gonadotropin – human female sexuality – Human Immunodeficiency Virus – human male sexuality – human papillomavirus – human pony – human seminal plasma hypersensitivity – human sexual behavior – Human Sexual Inadequacy – Human Sexual Response – human sexual response cycle – human sexuality – humbler ( BDSM ) – humiliation – Huntington's chorea – hustler – hybridization – hybristophilia – hydatidiform mole – hydrocele – hydrosalpinx – hygiene – hygrophilia – hymen – hymenal remnants – hymenorrhaphy – hymenotomy – hyperactivation – hypergyny – hypermasculinity – hypermasculinity theory of male homosexuality – hyperorgasmia – hyperparathyroidism – hyperphilia – hypersexuality – hyphephilia – hypnosis – hypoandrogenic state – hypoandrogenism – hypogonadism – hypophilia – hypopituitarism – hypospadias – hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis – hypothalamus – hypothyroidism – hypoxyphilia – hysterectomy – hysteria – hysterical pregnancy – hysterotomy –

For more information on the biological importance of these two cell types, where they come from ( from a molecular biology point of view ), and details of the process of mating type switching, see Mating of yeast.

On the existential / subjectivism-scientific / objectivism dialectic in self psychology: A view from evolutionary biology.

" Nazi racial pseudo-science was couched in Völkisch terms, as when Eugen Fischer stepped into the vacuum, as other scholars withdrew from the University of Berlin in 1933, and delivered his inaugural address as Nazi rector, " The Conception of the Völkisch state in the view of biology " ( 29 July 1933 ).

Lotka interpreted Boltzmann's view to imply that available energy could be the central concept that unified physics and biology as a quantitative physical principle of evolution.

Biosemiotics attempts to integrate the findings of scientific biology and semiotics, proposing a paradigmatic shift in the occidental scientific view of life, demonstrating that semiosis ( sign process, including meaning and interpretation ) is its immanent and intrinsic feature.