* Vulgar Latin and Late Latin among the uneducated and educated populations respectively of the Roman empire and the states that followed it in the same range no later than 900 AD ; medieval Latin and Renaissance Latin among the educated populations of western, northern, central and part of eastern Europe until the rise of the national languages in that range, beginning with the first language academy in Italy in 1582 / 83 ; new Latin written only in scholarly and scientific contexts by a small minority of the educated population at scattered locations over all of Europe ; ecclesiastical Latin, in spoken and written contexts of liturgy and church administration only, over the range of the Roman Catholic Church.

It is rather as a translator that Anatoli deserves a distinguished place in the scientific realm ; for it is he and Michael Scot who together, under the influence of Frederick II, opened to the western world the treasure-house of Arabic learning.

* Roger Bacon publishes a major scientific work, including writings of convex lens spectacles for treating long-sightedness and the first publication of the formula for gunpowder in the western world.

In " African Traditional Thought and Western Science ," Robin Horton compares the magical and religious thinking of non-modernized cultures with western scientific thought.

Both of the raw ingredients and distillation technology significantly influenced western perfumery and scientific developments, particularly chemistry.

On graduation he spent a year as surgeon in a military hospital, followed by three years of advanced scientific study in western Europe.

Proponents of the Tayside beavers argue that they have not been proven to be of " wrong " genetic stock and there is scientific evidence to support that they may represent a rather ideal mix of western European populations, since any single relict population in western Europe is relatively genetically depauperate.

* western blot protocols, troubleshooting, scientific resources and research articles

the Kitava Study has subsequently generated a number of scientific publications on the relationship between diet and western disease.

The 2010 book is geared towards both professionals and interested laypeople alike, cites more than 2000 references, and provides a comprehensive resource for the scientific foundation for the Paleolithic diet and the relationship between what humans eat and western diseases.

This for Foucault made punishment and the criminal become an integral part of ' western ' scientific rationality basing it on a model ' cure ' for reforms and meant two things ; a surface of inscription for power / knowledge, knowledge / objects and the submission of bodies through the control of ideas ; the analysis of representations as a principle in a politics of bodies, which for Foucault was far more effective than the old institutions of torture and executions.

In 2000 the Japanese began implementing a scientific research program involving an annual catch of 50 Bryde's whales in the western North Pacific.

However, his work, and the patent, went somewhat unnoticed in the western scientific world, as on August 30, 1906, Greenleaf Whittier Pickard filed a patent for a silicon crystal detector, which was granted on November 20, 1906.

He assigned new common names and resurrected old scientific names, resulting in the following combinations: eastern ratsnake ( Elaphe alleghaniensis, now Pantherophis alleghaniensis ), central ratsnake ( Elaphe spiloides, now Pantherophis spiloides ), and western ratsnake ( E. obsoleta, now P. obsoletus ).

It was Captain Montgomery who proposed to his superiors, a novel method to train the natives in scientific western methods of survey.

He also holds that scientific explanation entails the discovery of an " arrangement "; moreover, since " the science of the concrete " is a classificatory system enabling individuals to classify the world in a rational fashion, it is neither more nor less a science than any other in the western world.

In an extensive scientific research monograph, the World Health Organization expert group for research on cancer reported in 2004 that the percentage of oral cancer among all cancers diagnosed in hospitals in Asia has always been much higher than that usually found in western countries, where the habit of chewing betel quid, with or without tobacco, is virtually unknown.

The NDL has transferred the following collections to the Kansai-kan: most western peridocals ; books and other materials in non-Japanese Asian languages ; certain scientific and technological materials ( technical reports, papers of foreign academic societies, catalogs of Japanese and foreign technical standards, foreign doctoral dissertations, and conference proceedings in Western languages ); scientific research reports compiled under grants from the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology ; Japanese doctoral dissertations ; and books on tape.

The acronym BRD reached some frequency in West German scientific and ministerial use, so that it was added to the western edition of the German language dictionary Duden in 1967.

Built in the western United States in the early 2000s, it is typically manned by small crews who visit the site for short periods of time to conduct scientific research.

Modern groups and researchers of the " Rosicrucian Enlightenment " suggest that there is much evidence that the Rosicrucian Order not only has made herself known in the early 17th century through the Rosicrucian Manifestos, but has been active since the beginning of the Renaissance period, not only as an hermetic Order, but also through forerunners – geniuses of the western world, sometimes also known to be Freemasons – in the literary, cultural, ethical, political, religious and scientific fields.

The western portion of the preserve is off-limits to visitors, and is reserved for scientific research.

The first references in the western historical tradition begin at Syracuse in 399 BC and these devices were widely employed by the Roman Legions in Republican times well before the Christian era.

In the western musical tradition, the most usual shape is a cylinder, although timpani, for example, use bowl-shaped shells.

According to tradition, the original flag from the Battle of Lyndanisse was used in the small campaign of 1500 when King Hans tried to conquer Dithmarschen ( in western Holstein in north Germany ).

Although the western stream Kalundu tradition was ancestral to Shona ceramic wares, the closest relationships of the ancestral Shona language according to many linguists were with a southern division of eastern Bantu – such languages as the southeastern languages ( Nguni, Sotho-Tswana, Tsonga ), Nyasa and Makwa.

One such singer who has merged the Bhakti sangeet tradition of India with the western non-India music is Krishna Das and sells music records of his musical sadhana.

From this point on the western tradition came slowly to allow the artist far more flexibility, and a more realist approach to the figures.

Although the political structure in western Europe had changed, the divide is not as extensive as some historians have claimed., they were only made possible because of the long medieval tradition that established the use of reason as one of the most important of human activities ".

Within the western magical tradition, the Tree is used as a kind of conceptual filing cabinet.

It is true that in the highly text-oriented western European song tradition, tunes can be subordinate, interchangeable, and even limited in number ( as in Portuguese fado, which only has 64 tunes ), nevertheless, Eyerman and Jamison point out that some of the most effective protest songs gain power through their appropriation of tunes that are bearers of strong cultural traditions.

The basis for racial mapping, at least in the western world, goes back to the Hellenistic tradition of mapping, where exotic “ other ” people were purported to live in far off lands.

Despite contact with western cultures, Sumba is one of the few places in the world in which megalithic burials, are used as a ' living tradition ' to inter prominent individuals when they die.

In the western Canadian silversmith tradition, guilds do not exist ; however, mentoring through colleagues becomes a method of professional learning within a community of craftspeople.

* The first half of Miguel de Cervantes's landmark novel Don Quixote (" El ingenioso hidalgo Don Quijote de la Mancha " or " The Ingenious Hidalgo Don Quixote of La Mancha ") — one of the earliest novels in the western literary tradition, is published and becomes Cervantes's first literary success.

Historic Chinatowns-such as that in San Francisco, California-have had a significant influence on the perception of Chinatowns in western countries, although it and other North American Chinatowns fall outside the tradition of Chinese settlement in having significant numbers of Chinese women.

Like other areas on the western seaboard of Ireland, Donegal has a distinctive fiddle tradition which is of world renown.

It was only when Darius Hystaspis acquired the Persian throne and ruled it as a representative of the Zoroastrian religion, that the old tradition was broken and the claim of Babylon to confer legitimacy on the rulers of western Asia ceased to be acknowledged.

The only western province where the Justinianic code was effectively introduced was Italy, following its recovery by Byzantine armies ( Pragmatic Sanction of 554 ), but a continuous tradition of Roman law in medieval Italy has not been proven.

The Ojibwa and other Anishinaabe speakers of the central Algonquian languages retain an oral tradition of having moved to their lands around the western and central Great Lakes from the sea, likely the east coast.

His teaching derived from the mystical tradition of the East brought to the West by his father combined with his knowledge of the esoteric heritage and scholarship of western culture.

As his biographer, R. A. Gilbert described him, " Waite's name has survived because he was the first to attempt a systematic study of the history of western occultism — viewed as a spiritual tradition rather than as aspects of proto-science or as the pathology of religion.

The troubadour tradition seems to have begun in western Aquitaine ( Poitou and Saintonge ) and Gascony, from there spreading over into eastern Aquitaine ( Limousin and Auvergne ) and Provence.

Many authors consider the western literary tradition to have begun with the epic poems The Iliad and The Odyssey, which remain giants in the literary canon for their skillful and vivid depictions of war and peace, honor and disgrace, love and hatred.

Well into the 19th century, the classical tradition derived from Greece dominated the art of the western world.

With the imperial throne at Constantinople occupied by a mere Count of Flanders and with the Holy Roman Empire in uneasy disarray, Louis ' artistic and architectural patronage helped to position him as the central monarch of western Christendom, the Sainte-Chapelle fitting in to a long tradition of prestigious palace chapels.

The same four ritual tools also appear in the magical practices of the western hermetic tradition, derived from The Golden Dawn ; and they appear in tarot decks as the four card suits: swords, cups, wands, and pentacles.