In genetics, shotgun sequencing, also known as shotgun cloning, is a method used for sequencing long DNA strands.

Since the chain termination method of DNA sequencing can only be used for fairly short strands ( 100 to 1000 basepairs ), longer sequences must be subdivided into smaller fragments, and subsequently re-assembled to give the overall sequence.

It has a unique method of action: The polymer strands are incorporated into the bacterial cell wall, which disrupts the membrane and reduces its permeability, which has a lethal effect to bacteria.

Traditionally, the Ojibwa construct dreamcatchers by tying sinew strands in a web around a small round or tear-shaped frame of willow ( in a way roughly similar to their method for making snowshoe webbing ).

A method of making a lei by twisting two strands together to form a " rope.

* Whole-genome shotgun, a method used for sequencing long DNA strands

( The current method of suspension bridge design is to use multiple strands of drawn wire to form substantial cables.

The name banmian ( board / block noodle ) came from the Hakka's method of cutting the noodle into straight strands using a wooden block as ruler.

In a certain perfectly definite way, the method and the theme of his stories are one and the same.

Since conventional methods are insensitive at the low frequencies of these molecular transitions, the paramagnetic resonance method is being used instead.

We are initiating research on the use of solid state materials for infrared detection using a method which will not require cooling of materials to attain high sensitivity.

The disadvantages to this method are that you may not have as great a choice of models readily available or you may have to wait a few days or, during the busy tourist season, when cars are in great demand, you might find it fairly difficult to get a car at all.

Figures 5 and 6 are examples of our method of analyzing the results for each growth center.

The most common method of presenting animation is as a motion picture or video program, although there are other methods.

Because the levels themselves are random variables, some assumptions and the method of contrasting the treatments ( a multi-variable generalization of simple differences ) differ from the fixed-effects model.

Because of its simplicity, star hopping is a very common method for finding objects that are close to naked-eye stars.

These properties and ratios are used to determine the age of rocks by the method of K-Ar dating.

Chan's method for estimating the mean is numerically unstable when and both are large, because the numerical error in is not scaled down in the way that it is in the case.

Property-for-debt or equity-for-debt swaps ( acquiring ownership by simply writing off the Armenian government's debts to Russia ) are usually the method of acquiring assets.

In strict analysis, abbreviations should not be confused with contractions or acronyms ( including initialisms ), with which they share some semantic and phonetic functions, though all three are connoted by the term " abbreviation " in loose parlance. An abbreviation is a shortening by any method ; a contraction is a reduction of size by the drawing together of the parts.

When the atoms are relatively similar in size, the atom exchange method usually happens, where some of the atoms composing the metallic crystals are substituted with atoms of the other constituent.

Anisotropic filtering ( AF ) is a method of enhancing the image quality of textures on surfaces that are far away and steeply angled with respect to the point of view.

Two aspects of this attitude deserve to be mentioned: 1 ) he did not only study science from books, as other academics did in his day, but actually observed and experimented with nature ( the rumours starting by those who did not understand this are probably at the source of Albert's supposed connections with alchemy and witchcraft ), 2 ) he took from Aristotle the view that scientific method had to be appropriate to the objects of the scientific discipline at hand ( in discussions with Roger Bacon, who, like many 20th century academics, thought that all science should be based on mathematics ).

Modern antibiotics are tested using a method similar to Fleming's discovery

* In the table-top strategy game Warhammer 40, 000, hyperstructures, called " hives ," are extremely common and are the main method of housing large populations in the billions.

Copper cathodes produced using this method are also described as electrolytic copper.

Adhesives are typically organized by the method of adhesion.

Labor arbitration comes in two varieties: interest arbitration, which provides a method for resolving disputes about the terms to be included in a new contract when the parties are unable to agree, and grievance arbitration, which provides a method for resolving disputes over the interpretation and application of a collective bargaining agreement.

Detection limits for this technique are in the parts-per-billion range making it an excellent mercury detection atomization method.

This is in marked contrast to another, slightly earlier method of powering known as " parallel powering " or " T-powering " ( from the German term Tonaderspeisung ), in which DC was overlaid directly onto the signal in differential mode.

A vectorscope uses an overlaid circular reference display, or graticule, for visualizing chrominance signals, which is the best method of referring to the QAM scheme used to encode color into a video signal.

The final choice of material depends upon such factors as costs, method of fabrication, degree of complexity, number of units required, time available for tooling, and projected life expectancy of the unit.

It had been pointed out previously by J. J. Thomson in his series of lectures at Yale University in May 1903 that the dynamic equilibrium between the velocity generated by a concentration gradient given by Fick's law and the velocity due to the variation of the partial pressure caused when ions are set in motion " gives us a method of determining Avogadro's Constant which is independent of any hypothesis as to the shape or size of molecules, or of the way in which they act upon each other ".

Further improvement upon the idea of instruction pipelining led to the development of a method that decreases the idle time of CPU components even further.

During his tenure Doke developed and promoted a method of linguistic analysis and description of the Bantu languages that was based upon the structure of these languages.

The " Joseph Harding method " was the first modern system for Cheddar production based upon scientific principles.

They are of great importance for the light which they throw upon the method of instruction usual of that age, as well as upon the liturgical practises of the period, of which they give the fullest account extant.

Like CLOS, Dylan is based on multimethods, where the specific method to be called is chosen based upon the types of all its arguments.

In particular, it is thought that Euclid felt the parallel postulate was forced upon him, as indicated by his reluctance to make use of it, and his arrival upon it by the method of contradiction.

More recent experiments have suggested that these morphological descriptions of endocytic events may be inadequate, and a more appropriate method of classification may be based upon the clathrin-dependence of particular pathways, with multiple subtypes of clathrin-dependent and clathrin-independent endocytosis.

Dependent upon the method employed, an average density of the loaded charge can be obtained that is within 80 – 99 % of the theoretical maximum density of the explosive.

An ancient method of assigning names is based upon seasons and quarters of the year.

Coué's method did not emphasise " sleep " or deep relaxation and instead focused upon autosuggestion involving a specific series of suggestion tests.

The use of movable type was a marked improvement on the handwritten manuscript, which was the existing method of book production in Europe, and upon woodblock printing, and revolutionized European book-making.

Specialists find extensive inaccuracies in Greenberg ’ s examples and they reject his method of multilateral ( or mass ) comparison upon which the classification is based.

In 1917, Albert Einstein established the theoretical foundations for the laser and the maser in the paper Zur Quantentheorie der Strahlung ( On the Quantum Theory of Radiation ); via a re-derivation of Max Planck ’ s law of radiation, conceptually based upon probability coefficients ( Einstein coefficients ) for the absorption, spontaneous emission, and stimulated emission of electromagnetic radiation ; in 1928, Rudolf W. Ladenburg confirmed the existences of the phenomena of stimulated emission and negative absorption ; in 1939, Valentin A. Fabrikant predicted the use of stimulated emission to amplify “ short ” waves ; in 1947, Willis E. Lamb and R. C. Retherford found apparent stimulated emission in hydrogen spectra and effected the first demonstration of stimulated emission ; in 1950, Alfred Kastler ( Nobel Prize for Physics 1966 ) proposed the method of optical pumping, experimentally confirmed, two years later, by Brossel, Kastler, and Winter.

The method chosen will depend upon the physical nature of the nerve agent ( s ) used, the nature of the target, and the achievable level of sophistication.

This latter element requires that before the acceptance of an affirmative decision by the experimental subject there should be made known to him the nature, duration, and purpose of the experiment ; the method and means by which it is to be conducted ; all inconveniences and hazards reasonable to be expected ; and the effects upon his health or person which may possibly come from his participation in the experiment.

It is quite common in casino poker rooms for dealers to use this method upon introducing a brand new deck, which are packaged in ranked order by suits, before shuffling it by some other means ( i. e., a riffle shuffle or shuffling machine ).

" The word epelthein, at root " come upon ", does not mean by any specific method, and Pytheas does not elaborate.

During the early history of cryptography, two parties would rely upon a key using a secure, but non-cryptographic, method.

Peine forte et dure ( Law French for " hard and forceful punishment ") was a method of torture formerly used in the common law legal system, in which a defendant who refused to plead (" stood mute ") would be subjected to having heavier and heavier stones placed upon his or her chest until a plea was entered, or as the weight of the stones on the chest became too great for the condemned to breathe, fatal suffocation would occur.

* 2D Key ( 2-Dimensional Key ) is a 2D matrix-like key input method having the key styles of multiline passphrase, crossword, ASCII / Unicode art, with optional textual semantic noises, to create big password / key beyond 128 bits to realize the MePKC ( Memorizable Public-Key Cryptography ) using fully memorizable private key upon the current private key management technologies like encrypted private key, split private key, and roaming private key.