His study of the distribution of cholera led to the source of the disease, a contaminated water pump ( the Broad Street Pump, whose handle he had disconnected, thus terminating the outbreak ) within the heart of the cholera outbreak.

Hydraulic power networks also developed, using pipes to carrying pressurized water and transmit mechanical power from the source to end users elsewhere locally ; the power source was normally a head of water, which could also be assisted by a pump.

The optimum length of the drive pipe is five to twelve times the vertical distance between the source and the pump, or 500 to 1000 times the diameter of the delivery pipe, whichever is less.

Some later ram designs in the UK called compound rams were designed to pump treated water using an untreated drive water source, which overcomes some of the problems of having drinking water sourced from an open stream.

For continuous wave operation it is required for the population inversion of the gain medium to be continually replenished by a steady pump source.

Another method of achieving pulsed laser operation is to pump the laser material with a source that is itself pulsed, either through electronic charging in the case of flash lamps, or another laser which is already pulsed.

* An energy source ( usually referred to as the pump or pump source ),

The pump source is the part that provides energy to the laser system.

The type of pump source used principally depends on the gain medium, and this also determines how the energy is transmitted to the medium.

The gain medium is excited by the pump source to produce a population inversion, and it is in the gain medium that spontaneous and stimulated emission of photons takes place, leading to the phenomenon of optical gain, or amplification.

A hand pump opens access to deeper groundwater that is often not polluted and also improves the safety of a well by protecting the water source from contaminated buckets.

Fast methods add mother of vinegar ( i. e., bacterial culture ) to the source liquid before adding air using a venturi pump system or a turbine to promote oxygenation to obtain the fastest fermentation.

* Epidemiology begins when John Snow traces the source of an outbreak of cholera in London to a contaminated water pump.

Dr John Snow traces the source of one outbreak ( that killed 500 ) to a single water pump, validating his theory that cholera is water-borne, and forming the starting point for epidemiology.

previously populated by a pump source.

They conclude that Edison's version was able to outstrip the others because of a combination of three factors: an effective incandescent material, a higher vacuum than others were able to achieve ( by use of the Sprengel pump ) and a high resistance that made power distribution from a centralized source economically viable.

Even when the source material lacks sufficient elevation, it can be elevated to the sluice by a dredge pump.

The heat extracted through a geothermal heat pump can come from any source, despite the temperature.

A source of emf can be thought of as a kind of charge pump that acts to move positive charge from a point of low potential through its interior to a point of high potential.

A heat pump is a device that transfers thermal energy from a heat source to a heat sink.

A heat pump uses energy to accomplish the desired transfer of thermal energy from heat source to heat sink.

The system may be worked upon by an external force, and in the process, it can transfer thermal energy from a cooler system to a warmer one, thereby acting as a refrigerator or heat pump rather than a heat engine.

The gain medium absorbs pump energy, which raises some electrons into higher-energy (" excited ") quantum states.

Then, after the pump energy stored in the laser medium has approached the maximum possible level, the introduced loss mechanism ( often an electro-or acousto-optical element ) is rapidly removed ( or that occurs by itself in a passive device ), allowing lasing to begin which rapidly obtains the stored energy in the gain medium.

Pulsed pumping was historically used with dye lasers where the inverted population lifetime of a dye molecule was so short that a high energy, fast pump was needed.

Protein complexes in the inner membrane ( NADH dehydrogenase, cytochrome c reductase, and cytochrome c oxidase ) perform the transfer and the incremental release of energy is used to pump protons ( H < sup >+</ sup >) into the intermembrane space.

In eukaryotes, the enzymes in this electron transport system use the energy released from the oxidation of NADH to pump protons across the inner membrane of the mitochondrion.

Rotodynamic pumps ( or dynamic pumps ) are a type of velocity pump in which kinetic energy is added to the fluid by increasing the flow velocity.

This increase in energy is converted to a gain in potential energy ( pressure ) when the velocity is reduced prior to or as the flow exits the pump into the discharge pipe.

Thus the power relationship is between the conversion of the mechanical energy of the pump mechanism and the fluid elements within the pump.

it is perfectly possible to have a large and a small pump operating in parallel, with the smaller pump not delivering any water, but merely consuming energy.

The level 3 is sometimes referred to as the pump level or pump band, and the energy transition E < sub > 1 </ sub > → E < sub > 3 </ sub > as the pump transition, which is shown as the arrow marked P in the diagram on the right.

In particular, the pump band may consist of several distinct energy levels, or a continuum of levels, which allow optical pumping of the medium over a wide range of wavelengths.

Some areas of the world such as Washington and Oregon in the United States, and Wales in the United Kingdom, have used geographic features to store large quantities of water in elevated reservoirs, using excess electricity at times of low demand to pump water up to the reservoirs, then letting the water pass through turbine generators to retrieve the energy when electrical demands peak.

The satellites would be powered by built-in nuclear warheads – in theory, the energy from the warhead detonation would be used to pump a series of laser emitters in the missiles or satellites, allowing each satellite to shoot down many incoming warheads simultaneously.

The pump laser excites ions into a higher energy from where they can decay via stimulated emission of a photon at the signal wavelength back to a lower energy level.

hot-colored verbenas in the corner between the dining-room wall and the side porch, where we passed on our way to the pump with the half-gourd tied to it as a cup by my grandmother for our childish pleasure in drinking from it.

`` I think I've fixed the pump so we won't have to worry about it for a long time '', he said.

This carbine ( under $140, about $15 more for a deluxe grade ) has an 18-1/2-inch barrel and was obviously inspired by the popularity of last year's Model 760 pump with a short-barrel.

Now, check for leaks in your hoses and hose connections, around the freeze-out plugs, gaskets, water pump seals and heater fittings.

It is primarily for this reason that the histamine H2 antagonists including cimetidine ( Tagamet ), famotidine ( Pepcid ), and ranitidine ( Zantac ), and the proton pump inhibitor ( PPI ) omeprazole ( Prilosec ) were made OTC.

It can be convenient to use the cistern as a heat sink or trap for a heat pump or air conditioning system ; however this can make cold drinking water warm, and in drier years may decrease the efficiency of the HVAC system.

The two most popular heaters for ultra-high-efficiency houses are a small heat pump, which also provides air-conditioning, or a central hydronic ( radiator ) air heater with water recirculating from the water heater.

These may include a tire patch kit ( which, in turn, may contain any combination of a hand pump or CO < sub > 2 </ sub > Pump, tire levers, spare tubes, self-adhesive patches, or tube-patching material, an adhesive, a piece of sandpaper or a metal grater ( for roughing the tube surface to be patched ), and sometimes even a block of French chalk.

From 1944 to 1971, pump systems drew cooling water from the river and, after treating this water for use by the reactors, returned it to the river.

This role as a sink for CO < sub > 2 </ sub > is driven by two processes, the solubility pump and the biological pump .< ref > The former is primarily a function of differential CO < sub > 2 </ sub > solubility in seawater and the thermohaline circulation, while the latter is the sum of a series of biological processes that transport carbon ( in organic and inorganic forms ) from the surface euphotic zone to the ocean's interior.

A second membrane ion exchanger, NCX, is responsible for ' pumping ' calcium ions out of the cell and sodium ions in ( 3Na / Ca ); raised intracellular sodium levels inhibit this pump, so calcium ions are not extruded and will also begin to build up inside the cell.

This dose, however, is less in those with lowered gastric acidity ( for instance those using proton pump inhibitors ).

Cavitation damage on a valve plate for an Axial piston pump | axial piston hydraulic pump

The features that make the diffusion pump attractive for high and ultra-high vacuum use are its high pumping speed for all gases and low cost per unit pumping speed when compared with other types of pump used in the same vacuum range.

Plot of pumping speed as a function of pressure for a diffusion pump.

The steam ejector is a popular form of diffusion pump for vacuum distillation and freeze-drying.

Born in Long Island, New York, he attended Worcester Polytechnic Institute, but dropped out before graduating after five years of private advanced research for drug infusion pump AutoSyringe.

); a homemade shelter-ventilating pump ( a KAP ); large containers for water ; a plastic bottle of sodium hypochlorite bleach ; one or two KFMs and the knowledge to operate them ; at least a 2-week supply of compact, nonperishable food ; an efficient portable stove ; wooden matches in a waterproof container ; essential containers and utensils for storing, transporting, and cooking food ; a hose-vented 5-gallon can, with heavy plastic bags for liners, for use as a toilet ; tampons ; insect screen and fly bait ; any special medications needed by family members ; Pure potassium iodide, a 2-oz bottle, and a medicine-dropper ; A first-aid kit and a tube of antibiotic ointment ; long-burning candles ( with small wicks ) sufficient for at least 14 nights ; an oil lamp ; a flashlight and extra batteries ; and a transistor radio with extra batteries and a metal box to protect it from EMP.