The extracts are generally no longer used to reduce or inhibit tumor growth, for which verifiable results have been found in vitro and in animal studies but not in humans, but instead to improve the patients ' quality of life and to reduce tumor-induced symptoms and the side-effects of chemotherapy and radiotherapy.

Several in vitro studies indicated that high concentrations of chromium ( III ) in the cell can lead to DNA damage.

New generation antimicrobials have been discovered which are effective against in in vitro studies.

Research shows that quercetin influences cellular mechanisms in vitro and in animal studies, and there is limited evidence from human population studies that quercetin may reduce the risk of lung cancer.

In vitro () studies in experimental biology are those that are conducted using components of an organism that have been isolated from their usual biological surroundings in order to permit a more detailed or more convenient analysis than can be done with whole organisms.

The primary disadvantage of in vitro experimental studies is that it can sometimes be very challenging to extrapolate from the results of in vitro work back to the biology of the intact organism.

Typically, many candidate drugs that are effective in vitro prove to be ineffective in vivo because of issues associated with delivery of the drug to the affected tissues, or toxicity towards essential parts of the organism that were not represented in the initial in vitro studies.

Polysaccharide-K and lentinan are among extracts best understood from in vitro research, animal models such as mice, or early-stage human pilot studies.

While data from in vitro experiments suggest many dissimilar roles, studies on PrP knockout mice have provided only limited information because these animals exhibit only minor abnormalities.

In vitro studies of purified proteins in controlled environments are useful for learning how a protein carries out its function: for example, enzyme kinetics studies explore the chemical mechanism of an enzyme's catalytic activity and its relative affinity for various possible substrate molecules.

However, the wide breadth of Xenopus research stems from the additional fact that cell-free extracts made from Xenopus are a premier in vitro system for studies of fundamental aspects of cell and molecular biology.

Animal studies and in vitro research has identified possible anti-inflammatory and hepatoprotective activities which may be due to the antioxidant effects of flavonoids or other phenolic compounds and saponins the plant contains .< ref name = halr > Xiong et al.

It is theoretically possible for certain mutant androgen receptors to function without androgens ; in vitro studies have demonstrated that a mutant androgen receptor protein can induce transcription in the absence of androgen if its steroid binding domain is deleted.

In vitro and in vivo studies have demonstrated that insulin may modulate the shift of Mg from extracellular to intracellular space.

Plant pharmacological studies have suggested that Calendula extracts have anti-viral, anti-genotoxic, and anti-inflammatory properties in vitro.

Some in vitro studies demonstrate an anti-bacterial effect of colloidal silver, although one study in 2004 of a colloidal silver solution marketed on the Internet showed no such antimicrobial activity.

According to in vitro studies, sertraline is metabolized by multiple cytochrome 450 isoforms: CYP2D6, CYP2C9, CYP2B6, CYP2C19 and CYP3A4.

Some in vitro studies demonstrate an antibacterial effect of colloidal silver, although one study in 2004 of a colloidal silver solution marketed on the Internet showed no such antimicrobial activity.

Chamomile extract was shown to possess anti-inflammatory, antihyperglycemic, antigenotoxic, and anticancer properties in vitro and in animal studies.

* Shopsis C, Borenfreund E, Stark DM: Validation studies on a battery of potential in vitro alternatives to the Draize test.

Laboratory studies have shown carrageenans are extremely potent inhibitors of HPV infection in vitro and in animal challenge models.

In vitro, they dilate the coronary and peripheral arteries and have negative inotropic and chronotropic effects-decreasing afterload, improving myocardial efficiency, reducing heart rate and improving coronary blood flow.

Although polyphenols have antioxidant effects in vitro, they can act as pro-oxidants in others.

These compounds have shown possible activity as anti-cancer agents in vitro.

Chlorhexidine gluconate oral rinse is not recommended to treat candidiasis, but is effective as prophylaxis ; chlorine dioxide rinse was found to have similar in vitro effectiveness against Candida.

The number of protofilaments can vary ; microtubules made up of 14 protofilaments have been seen in vitro.

Studies looking at gene activation in vivo and, more astonishingly, remodelling in vitro have revealed that chromatin remodeling events and transcription-factor binding are cyclical and periodic in nature.

Mutational clouds as predicted by the quasispecies model have been observed in RNA viruses and in in vitro RNA replication.

There have been successful breeding programs, including the use of in vitro fertilisation, in zoos around the world.

* Some Tocotrienols, especially delta-and gamma-tocotrienols, are being promoted as statin alternative non-prescription agents to treat high cholesterol, having been shown in vitro to have an effect.

Berry pigments are usually antioxidants in vitro and thus have oxygen radical absorbance capacity ( ORAC ) that is high among plant foods.

President Chinchilla, whose strong Catholic views have won her to be named officially as Preferred Daughter of the Virgin Mary has not publicly stated her position on the question of in vitro fertilisation.

As fertility technology has advanced, more lesbians have become mothers through in vitro fertilization.

They have been shown to promote plant tissue growth, somatic embryogenesis from in vitro cultures, and flowering.

In strict ovarian primogeniture ( which was the same as uterine primogeniture until the development of " in vitro fertilization " in the 1970s, and still is the same in nearly all cases ) and in strict matrilineal primogeniture, all members of a line would have identical mitochondrial DNA, except for mutations.

Therefore, even in a line following strict uterine succession, it is possible for different members of the line born after the development of in vitro fertilization to have different mitochrondrial DNA, if either ( a ) an heir was conceived through egg donation, or ( b ) strict application of a rule of " uterine " succession allowed a child to inherit from the surrogate who bore it, rather than from those who supplied the egg and sperm and raised the child as their own.

In vitro data also indicate that the inhibition of CYP2B6 should have even greater effect than the inhibition of CYP2C19, while the contribution of CYP2C9 and CYP3A4 to the metabolism of sertraline would be minor.

Silver and most silver compounds have an oligodynamic effect and are toxic for bacteria, algae, and fungi in vitro.

The 3-mercapto-2-methylpentan-1-ol in onion was found to inhibit peroxynitrite-induced mechanisms in vitro.

For example, Roundup contains adjuvants which, even in low concentrations, were found to kill human embryonic, placental, and umbilical cells in vitro.

Today, the term in vitro is used to refer to any biological procedure that is performed outside the organism it would normally be occurring in, to distinguish it from an in vivo procedure, where the tissue remains inside the living organism within which it is normally found.

This was in direct contrast with in vitro findings, where the compound was found to enhance HIV and SIV infections in various assays.

* Leadzyme-Although initially created in vitro, natural examples have been found

For corneal epithelial diseases such as Stevens Johnson Syndrome, Persistent corneal ulcer etc, the autologous contralateral ( normal ) suprabasal limbus derived in vitro expanded corneal limbal stem cells are found to be effective as Amniotic membrane based expansion is controversial.

In vitro studies show that incremental two-threefold changes in Shh concentration give rise to motor neuron and different interneuronal subtypes as found in the ventral spinal cord.

Two compounds extracted from bitter melon, α-eleostearic acid ( from seeds ) and 15, 16-dihydroxy-α-eleostearic acid ( from the fruit ) have been found to induce apoptosis of leukemia cells in vitro.

E1a ( binds Retinoblastoma tumor suppressor protein ) has been found to immortalize primary cells in vitro allowing E1b ( binds p53 tumor suppressor ) to assist and stably transform the cells.

As part of that study, the EU found that acetylacetone ( pentane-2, 4-dione ) ( FL 07. 191 ) was genotoxic in vivo and in vitro, and deleted it from the register of permitted flavoring substances.

Potent genotoxins usually found in domestic wastes also include N-nitroso compounds and aromatic amines, which are known to be present in human sanitary outflows as well as genotoxic PAHs found in municipal discharges .< ref > ( 2002 ): Genotoxicity of the Kishon River, Israel: the application of an in vitro cellular assay.

A total irradiance of 320 J / cm² is found to inactivate this bacterium in vitro.

Another study found that children conceived by in vitro fertilisation ( IVF ) are three to four times more likely to develop the condition.

In vitro, the use of COX-2 inhibitors such as CELEBREX ( celecoxib ) lowers the level of active HDM2 found in neuroblastoma cells.

In vitro studies have found that ANCAs can activate neutrophils, increase their adherence to endothelium, and induce their degranulation that can damage endothelial cells.

The study also found that the in vivo estrogenic activity of parabens is reduced by about three orders of magnitude compared to in vitro activity.

" The phrase was coined in 1989 as an analogy to the Latin phrases in vivo, in vitro, and in situ, which are commonly used in biology ( see also systems biology ) and refer to experiments done in living organisms, outside of living organisms, and where they are found in nature, respectively.

Early in vitro studies have found the Notch signaling pathway functions as down-regulator in osteoclastogenesis and osteoblastogenesis.

Tests on candida yeasts in vitro rather than in patients found that " a lactoferrin-containing mouthwash has fungistatic properties ".

The authors found " ample evidence that RF-EMF can alter the genetic material of exposed cells in vivo and in vitro and in more than one way ".

Rosiridin was found to inhibit monoamine oxidases A and B in vitro implying its potential beneficial effect in depression and senile dementia.

Bergamot essential oil has been found to reduce excitotoxic damage to cultured human neuronal cells in vitro, and may therefore have neuroprotective properties.