In vivo ( Latin for " within the living ") is experimentation using a whole, living organism as opposed to a partial or dead organism, or an in vitro (" within the glass ", i. e., in a test tube or petri dish ) controlled environment.

In microbiology in vivo is often used to refer to experimentation done in live isolated cells rather than in a whole organism, for example, cultured cells derived from biopsies.

By contrast, in vivo experiments on proteins ' activities within cells or even within whole organisms can provide complementary information about where a protein functions and how it is regulated.

* Results from organ cultures are often not comparable to those from whole animals studies, e. g. in studies on drug action since the drugs are metabolized in vivo but not in vitro.

The difference between growth media used for cell culture and those used for microbiological culture is that cells derived from whole organisms and grown in culture often cannot grow without the addition of, for instance, hormones or growth factors which usually occur in vivo.

pharmacological effects in vitro on isolated surviving organs and in vivo on blood pressure were assayed ; ;

# Ex vivo, which means " outside the body " – Cells from the patient's blood or bone marrow are removed and grown in the laboratory.

Because in vivo hemolysis destroys the red blood cells, in uncontrolled chronic or severe cases it can lead to hemolytic anemia.

Heparin can be used in vivo ( by injection ), and also in vitro to prevent blood or plasma clotting in or on medical devices.

Giulio Bizzozero ( 1846 – 1901 ), building on Schultze's findings, used " living circulation " to study blood cells of amphibians microscopically in vivo.

Recent studies have shown that photoacoustic imaging can be used in vivo for tumor angiogenesis monitoring, blood oxygenation mapping, functional brain imaging, and skin melanoma detection, etc.

The intensity of the signal measured by in vivo imaging may depend on various factors, such as D-luciferin absorption through the peritoneum, blood flow, cell membrane permeability, availability of co-factors, intracellular pH and transparency of overlying tissue, in addition to the amount of luciferase.

Cerebral babesiosis is suspected in vivo when neurological signs ( often severe ) are seen in cattle that are positive for B. bovis on blood smear, but this has yet to be proven scientifically.

In vivo, however, this is not strictly the case because the density of blood can be variable ( so that a greater mass occupies the same volume ), or the volume of the system of blood vessels increases though the expansion of flexible blood vessel walls.

It is a protein that adsorbs to the surface of biomaterials that come in contact with blood in vivo.

In the 1950s research was being conducted at Cambridge University in England to study blood flow in vivo.

A subsequent intravenous injection of the radioactive substance, technetium-99m-pertechnetate, labels the red blood cells in vivo.

Stem cells from cord blood were successfully transplanted in 1988, in Paris, when it was used for the first time to regenerate blood and immune cells on a 6-year-old boy suffering from Fanconi anemia, a blood disorder, and in 1997 a successful cord blood transplant was performed on an adult suffering from chronic myelogenous leukemia using cord blood cells that were expanded ex vivo, which means outside of a living organism.

It is not clear whether this system bears any resemblance to the in vivo iodinating mechanism, and a system generating peroxide has not been identified in thyroid tissue.

The finding that the concentration of one of these proteases is increased in thyroid glands from TSH-treated animals suggests that this protease may be active in vivo.

In the presence of a low iodine intake, thyroglobulin labelled in vivo with Af is found to contain more mono-iodotyrosine than normal, the amounts of di-iodotyrosine and iodothyronines being correspondingly reduced.

Canine distemper virus ( CDV ) is known to cause apoptosis in central nervous system and lymphoid tissue of infected dogs in vivo and in vitro.

In fact, as their synthesis is controlled by a template directed process in most in vivo systems all biopolymers of a type ( say one specific protein ) are all alike: they all contain the similar sequences and numbers of monomers and thus all have the same mass.

A basic concept in some CBT treatments used in anxiety disorders is in vivo exposure, a term describing a technique where the patient is gradually exposed to the actual, feared stimulus.

There is much debate as to whether persistence has in vivo relevance.

In vivo, chymotrypsin is a proteolytic enzyme ( Serine protease ) acting in the digestive systems of mammals and other organisms.

Despite the critical role that dendrites play in the computational tendencies of neurons, very little is known about the process by which dendrites orient themselves in vivo and are compelled to create the intricate branching pattern unique to each specific neuronal class.

The work is both in vivo and in silico.

In vivo testing is often employed over in vitro because it is better suited for observing the overall effects of an experiment on a living subject.

The maxim in vivo veritas (" in a living thing is truth ") used to describe this type of testing is a play on words from in vino veritas, in wine is truth.

In this situation, the more specific term is ex vivo.

If it were simple to ascertain the properties required to develop a lead discovered in vitro to one that is active in vivo, drug discovery would be as reliable as drug manufacturing.

In contrast, in vivo work is that which is conducted with living organisms in their normal, intact state, while ex vivo studies are conducted on functional organs that have been removed from the intact organism.

However, before this drug is used in the clinic, it must progress through a series of in vivo trials to determine if it is safe and effective in intact organisms ( typically small animals, primates and humans in succession ).

Typically, many candidate drugs that are effective in vitro prove to be ineffective in vivo because of issues associated with delivery of the drug to the affected tissues, or toxicity towards essential parts of the organism that were not represented in the initial in vitro studies.

Model organisms are in vivo models and are widely used to research human disease when human experimentation would be unfeasible or unethical.

In a 1971 paper in the journal Science, Dr. Raymond Damadian, an Armenian-American physician, scientist, and professor at the Downstate Medical Center State University of New York ( SUNY ), reported that tumors and normal tissue can be distinguished in vivo by nuclear magnetic resonance (" NMR ").

The choice of heroin and morphine over other opioids by former-drug addicts may also be the result of the fact that heroin ( also known as morphine diacetate, diamorphine or di-acetyl-morphine ) is an ester salt of morphine and a morphine prodrug, essentially meaning that they are identical drugs in vivo.

Nucleotides can be synthesized by a variety of means both in vitro and in vivo.

In vivo, nucleotides can be synthesized de novo or recycled through salvage pathways.

PrP can be induced to fold into other more-or-less well-defined isoforms in vitro, and their relationship to the form ( s ) that are pathogenic in vivo is not yet clear.

PrP has been reported to play important roles in cell-cell adhesion and intracellular signaling in vivo, and may therefore be involved in cell-cell communication in the brain.

It has been speculated that this template switching activity of Reverse Transcriptase, which can be demonstrated completely in vivo, may have been one of the causes for finding several thousand unannotated transcripts in the genomes of model organisms.

Niacin cannot be directly converted to nicotinamide, but both compounds could be converted to NAD and NADP in vivo.

The enantiomers can interconvert ( racemize ) in vivo – that is, if a human is given pure ( R )- thalidomide or ( S )- thalidomide, both isomers will later be found in the serum – therefore, administering only one enantiomer will not prevent the teratogenic effect.

Today, the term in vitro is used to refer to any biological procedure that is performed outside the organism it would normally be occurring in, to distinguish it from an in vivo procedure, where the tissue remains inside the living organism within which it is normally found.

In vivo hemolysis can be caused by a large number of medical conditions, including many Gram-positive bacteria ( e. g., Streptococcus, Enterococcus, and Staphylococcus ), some parasites ( e. g., Plasmodium ), some autoimmune disorders ( e. g., Hemolytic disease of the newborn ), and some genetic disorders ( e. g., Sickle-cell disease or G6PD deficiency ).

Cells can also be evaluated based upon their ability to integrate into the corresponding tissue in vivo and functionally replace its natural counterpart.

Nevertheless, plasma fibronectin can be insolubilized into the tissue extracellular matrix in vitro and in vivo.

Sertraline can be deaminated in vitro by monoamine oxidases ; however, this metabolic pathway has never been studied in vivo.

Cartilage does not absorb x-rays under normal In vivo conditions, but a dye can be injected into the synovial membrane that will cause the x-rays to be absorbed by the dye.

A group of pharmaceuticals called anticoagulants can be used in vivo as a medication for thrombotic disorders.

Also, the position at which these neuronal groups are generated in vivo can be predicted by the concentration of Shh required for their induction in vitro.