Colophon from an Incunable | incunabulum of the Historiae Adversus Paganos by Paulus Orosius, one of the most copied books from the Medieval period. The assumed falling out of Paulus Orosius and Saint Augustine at the end of the former ’ s life does not seem to have had a negative effect on the distribution and impact of his Histories.

Incunable, or sometimes incunabulum ( plural incunables or incunabula, respectively ) is a book, pamphlet, or broadside ( such as the Almanach cracoviense ad annum 1474 ) that was printed — not handwritten — before the year 1501 in Europe.

" Incunable " is the anglicised singular form of " incunabula ", Latin for " swaddling clothes " or " cradle " which can refer to " the earliest stages or first traces in the development of anything.

Incunable in the library include: Cristoforo Landino's Commentario sopra la Comedia di Dante, 1481 ; S. Brant Stultifera Navis 1488 ; Boethius's De Philosophico Consolatu, 1501.

The AMPAS was originally conceived by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer studio boss Louis B. Mayer as a professional honorary organization to help improve the film industry ’ s image and help mediate labor disputes.

One way is a sincere expression of Christian love, " motivated by a powerful feeling of security, strength, and inner salvation, of the invincible fullness of one ’ s own life and existence ".

James Johnson argued that A Modest Proposal was largely influenced and inspired by Tertullian ’ s Apology: a satirical attack against early Roman persecution of Christianity.

He reminds readers that " there is a gap between the narrator ’ s meaning and the text ’ s, and that a moral-political argument is being carried out by means of parody ".

A Specimen of typeset font s and language s, by William Caslon, letter founder ; from the 1728 Cyclopaedia, or an Universal Dictionary of Arts and Sciences | Cyclopaedia.

In computer systems, an algorithm is basically an instance of logic written in software by software developers to be effective for the intended " target " computer ( s ), in order for the target machines to produce output from given input ( perhaps null ).

Northern ( and British ) readers recoiled in anger at the horrors of slavery through the novel and play Uncle Tom ’ s Cabin ( 1852 ) by abolitionist Harriet Beecher Stowe.

Many of the settings for Agatha Christie ’ s books were directly inspired by the many archaeological field seasons spent in the Middle East on the sites managed by her second husband Max Mallowan.

This theme was greater strengthened by Christie ’ s time spent in the Middle East where she was consistently surrounded by the religious temples and spiritual history of the towns and cities they were excavating in Mallowan ’ s archaeological work.

The large amount of travel done by Christie and Mallowan has not only made for a great writing theme, as shown in her famous novel: The Murder on the Orient Express, but also tied into the idea of archaeology as an adventure that has become so important in today ’ s popular culture as described by Cornelius Holtorf in his book Archaeology is a Brand.

Japp is outgoing, loud and sometimes inconsiderate by nature, and his relationship with the bourgeois Belgian is one of the stranger aspects of Poirot ’ s world.

The stigmatization of amateurs as fools for contributing to society simply for the love of it can be explained by the amateur ’ s non-conformity to the ideological structure of consumption ( Goffman, 1963 ; Stebbins, 1992 ).

# Armenia's railway, held by the Russian-owned South Caucasus Railway ( SCR ) ( formerly Russia ’ s state-run rail company, RZD )

According to official figures, Armenia ’ s economy grew by 13. 8 percent in 2007.

The debt arrangements have been personally negotiated by ( then ) Defense Minister ( and now President ) Serge Sarkisian, Kocharian ’ s closest political associate.

The Armenian government ’ s stated efforts to strengthen and reform the military are called into question by continuing non-combat deaths and other violent incidents in the army ranks, which have come under greater public scrutiny in 2010.

The " matai " ( chiefs ) are elected by consensus within the fono of the extended family and village ( s ) concerned.

MCC ’ s wish for it to be seen by as wide a range of cricket enthusiasts as possible has led to its being mistaken for an official trophy.

And in our own language ,— for he was familiar with English poetry ,— speaking of the soul ’ s dread departure from the body:

The Codex Zographensis is one of the oldest manuscript s in the Old Bulgarian language dated from the late 10th or early 11th century

Another vital referent is Leibniz ’ s project of an ideographic language called " universal character ", based on the principles of Chinese characters.

In general, the term copula is used to refer to the main copular verb ( s ) in a language.

The decision problem that asks whether a certain string s belongs to the language of a certain context-sensitive grammar G, is PSPACE-complete.

Conversely, in the English language as a whole, singular verb forms can often be used with nouns ending in "- s " that were once considered plural ( for example: " Physics is my favorite academic subject ").

A maturity model may provide, for example, a place to start, the benefit of a community ’ s prior experiences, a common language and a shared vision, a framework for prioritizing actions, a way to define what improvement means for your organization.

DBMSs can be categorized according to the database model ( s ) that they support, such as relational or XML, the type ( s ) of computer they support, such as a server cluster or a mobile phone, the query language ( s ) that access the database, such as SQL or XQuery, performance trade-offs, such as maximum scale or maximum speed or others.

DBMSs can be categorized according to the database model ( s ) that they support, such as relational or XML, the type ( s ) of computer they support, such as a server cluster or a mobile phone, the query language ( s ) that access the database, such as SQL or XQuery, performance trade-offs, such as maximum scale or maximum speed or others.

Nova assembly language programs can be run under Bob Supnik ’ s SIMH emulator, in RDOS.

The Emperor pressured Eritrea ’ s elected chief executive to resign, made Amharic the official language in place of Arabic and Tigrinya, terminated the use of the Eritrean flag, imposed censorship, and moved many businesses out of Eritrea.

The Pyrgi Tablets laminated sheets of gold with a treatise both in Etruscan and Phoenician language s in the Etruscan Museum in Rome

* Endangered Language Fund, an American non-profit organization which supports endangered language maintenance and documentation projects that aim to preserve the world ’ s languages

Æthelberht ’ s law for Kent, the earliest written code in any Germanic language, instituted a complex system of fines.

He cites as examples Hollywood coverage and the use of language in publications like Empire Magazine, as well as blockbuster dominance in multiplexes, but he also notes that this is an industrial matter: " The Full Monty was entirely financed and distributed by one of the US majors, Twentieth Century Fox, The praise went to Britain, but all the film ’ s profits went to America.

The largest and most frequently published newspaper is the Gibraltar Chronicle, Gibraltar ’ s oldest established daily newspaper and the world ’ s second oldest English language newspaper to have been in print continuously with daily editions six days a week.

It is also unknown if they reflect proto-Dravidian or other non-Vedic language ( s ).

Only 2. 5 % of Italy ’ s population could speak the Italian standardized language properly when the nation unified in 1861.

Psychological altruism is contrasted with psychological egoism, which refers to the motivation to increase one ’ s own welfare.

Another way is merely " one of the many modern substitutes for love, ... nothing but the urge to turn away from oneself and to lose oneself in other people ’ s business.

An Egypt ian burial chamber mural, approximately 4000 years old, showing wrestler s in action.

Comparison of mean, median and mode ( statistics ) | mode of two log-normal distribution s with different skewness.

; Responses: The output ( s ) of a process.

An appellant's claim ( s ) must usually be preserved at trial.

" Swift extends the metaphor to get in a few jibes at England ’ s mistreatment of Ireland, noting that " For this kind of commodity will not bear exportation, and flesh being of too tender a consistence, to admit a long continuance in salt, although perhaps I could name a country, which would be glad to eat up our whole nation without it.

George Wittkowsky argued that Swift ’ s main target in A Modest Proposal was not the conditions in Ireland, but rather the can-do spirit of the times that led people to devise a number of illogical schemes that would purportedly solve social and economic ills.

In response, Swift ’ s Modest Proposal was " a burlesque of projects concerning the poor ", that were in vogue during the early 18th century.

Critics differ about Swift ’ s intentions in using this faux-mathematical philosophy.

Charles K. Smith argues that Swift ’ s rhetorical style persuades the reader to detest the speaker and pity the Irish.

Swift ’ s specific strategy is twofold, using a " trap " to create sympathy for the Irish and a dislike of the narrator who, in the span of one sentence, " details vividly and with rhetorical emphasis the grinding poverty " but feels emotion solely for members of his own class.

Swift ’ s use of gripping details of poverty and his narrator ’ s cool approach towards them create " two opposing points of view " that " alienate the reader, perhaps unconsciously, from a narrator who can view with ' melancholy ' detachment a subject that Swift has directed us, rhetorically, to see in a much less detached way.

Swift uses the proposer ’ s serious tone to highlight the absurdity of his proposal.

Johnson notes Swift ’ s obvious affinity for Tertullian and the bold stylistic and structural similarities between the works A Modest Proposal and Apology.

While Swift ’ s proposal is obviously not a serious economic proposal, George Wittkowsky, author of " Swift ’ s Modest Proposal: The Biography of an Early Georgian Pamphlet ", argues that to understand the piece fully, it is important to understand the economics of Swift ’ s time.

Louis A. Landa presents Swift ’ s A Modest Proposal as a critique of the popular and unjustified maxim of mercantilism in the 18th century that " people are the riches of a nation ".

Swift presents the dire state of Ireland and shows that mere population itself, in Ireland ’ s case, did not always mean greater wealth and economy.