In the East abbots, if in priests ' orders and with the consent of the bishop, were, as we have seen, permitted by the second Nicene council, AD 787, to confer the tonsure and admit to the order of reader ; but gradually abbots, in the West also, advanced higher claims, until we find them in AD 1489 permitted by Innocent IV to confer both the subdiaconate and diaconate.

Pope Innocent IV then ordered Sancho II to be removed from the throne and be replaced by the Count of Boulogne.

He led two embassies to the Mongols: the first carried letters from Pope Innocent IV and the second bore gifts and letters from Louis IX of France to Güyük Khan.

Andrew of Longjumeau led one of four missions dispatched to the Mongols by Pope Innocent IV.

In his Papal Bull Ad extirpanda of 1252, Pope Innocent IV authorised the Dominicans ' use of torture under prescribed circumstances.

In 1248, Pope Innocent IV gave the Croats of southern Dalmatia the unique privilege of using their own language and this script in the Roman Rite liturgy.

* 1248: Pope Innocent IV gave the unique privilege of using the Glagolitic alphabet in the liturgy.

A new crusade was discussed at the Council of Lyon in 1245 by Pope Innocent IV.

On July 17, 1251, Pope Innocent IV signed two papal bulls, ordering the Bishop of Chełmno to crown Mindaugas as King of Lithuania, appoint a bishop for Lithuania, and build a cathedral.

Pope Innocent IV with Louis IX at Cluny

* 1252 – Pope Innocent IV issues the papal bull ad extirpanda, which authorizes, but also limits, the torture of heretics in the Medieval Inquisition.

On May 15, Pope Innocent IV issued a papal bull entitled Ad exstirpanda, which authorized the use of torture by inquisitors.

The Papal bull issued by Pope Innocent IV establishing Lithuania's placement under the jurisdiction of the Bishop of Rome, and discussing Mindaugas ' baptism and coronation

In 1250 or 1251, Mindaugas agreed to receive baptism and relinquish control over some lands in western Lithuania, in return for an acknowledgment by Pope Innocent IV as king.

On 19 June 1250, following the canonisation of Malcolm's wife Margaret by Pope Innocent IV, Margaret's remains were disinterred and placed in a reliquary.

* 1210 – Pope Innocent III excommunicates Holy Roman Emperor Otto IV

In 1245 Pope Innocent IV allotted two thirds of conquered Courland to the Livonian Order, and one third to the Bishopric of Courland.

* 1210 – Pope Innocent III excommunicates German leader Otto IV.

On the death of Pope Innocent IV in 1254 he was elected pope at Naples on 12 December 1254.

Alexander IV succeeded Innocent IV as guardian of Conradin, the last of the Hohenstaufens, promising him protection ; but in less than a fortnight he conspired against him and bitterly opposed Conradin's uncle Manfred.

Shortly before his death, Innocent IV had granted Sicily, a papal fiefdom, to Edmund, second son of King Henry III of England.

In December 1251, he was created Cardinal Deacon of San Adriano by his uncle Pope Innocent IV.

One group of cardinals, which included Sinibaldo de ' Fieschi ( soon to be Pope Innocent IV ) backed a candidate from the inner circle of Pope Gregory IX expected to pursue the hard line with Frederick II.

He died before events could reach their climax ; it was his successor Pope Innocent IV who declared a crusade in 1245 that would finish the Hohenstaufen threat.

The procedure initiated by the text of Alexander III, confirmed by a bull of Pope Innocent III in the year 1200, issued on the occasion of the canonization of Saint Cunegunde, led to increasingly elaborate inquiries.

His solution was in the manner of a true follower of Innocent III: he issued what in retrospect has been viewed as the magna carta of the University, assuming direct control by extending papal patronage: his Bull allowed future suspension of lectures over a flexible range of provocations, from " monstrous injury or offense " to squabbles over " the right to assess the rents of lodgings ".

In 1245, Innocent IV issued bulls and sent an envoy in the person of Giovanni da Pian del Carpine ( accompanied by Benedict the Pole ) to the " Emperor of the Tartars ".

In May 1202, Innocent issued the decree " Venerabilem ", addressed to the Duke of Zähringen, in which he explained the relation he considered the Empire to stand to the papacy.

Innocent X confiscated their property, and on 19 February 1646, issued a bull ordaining that all cardinals who might leave the Papal States for six months without express papal permission would be deprived of their benefices and eventually of their cardinalate itself.

Innocent X objected to the conclusion of the Peace of Westphalia, against which his nuncio, Fabio Chigi, in his name vainly protested, and against which in 1650 he issued the bull Zelo Domus Dei backdated to November 1648, which was ignored by the European Powers.

In 1210, suspicious of the growing popularity of miracle plays, Pope Innocent III issued a papal edict forbidding clergy from acting on a public stage.

Two years later, on November 20, 1698, Pope Innocent XII issued a brief which definitely ended the controversy on pain of excommunication, and placed all writings in violation of the brief on the Index Librorum Prohibitorum.

The papal bull Cum occasione, issued by Pope Innocent X in 1653, condemned five cardinal doctrines of Jansenism as heresy — especially the relationship between human free will and efficacious grace, wherein the teachings of Augustine contradicted the teachings of the Jesuit School.

Jansenism's supporters suffered a decisive defeat when Innocent X issued the bull Cum occasione on May 31, 1653.

In 1484, in the Late Middle Ages, at a time when the papacy was starting to become highly politicised and corrupted, Pope Innocent VIII, who had a number of illegitimate children, issued, more for political reasons than anything, Summis desiderantes affectibus, a Papal bull authorizing the " correcting, imprisoning, punishing and chastising " of devil-worshippers who have " slain infants ", among other crimes.

In the Papal Bull Pia desideria, issued 31 March 1244, Pope Innocent IV formally approved the foundation of the Order.

Omne Datum Optimum ( Latin for " Every perfect gift ", a quotation from the Epistle of James ) was a Papal Bull issued by Pope Innocent II in 1139 that initially endorsed the Order of the Poor Knights of Christ and of the Temple of Solomon ( Knights Templar ), in which the Templar Rule was officially approved, and papal protection given.

The granting of collegiate status was confirmed on 8 September 1485 by papal bull issued by Pope Innocent VIII ( Super Dominicum Gregem ).

Beginning in 1198, Pope Innocent III issued a series of decretals that reformed the ecclesiastical court system.

* The Golden Bull of 1136, issued by Pope Innocent II, more commonly known as the Bull of Gniezno.

Ludovico Marracci ( 1612 – 1700 ), a teacher of the Arabic language at the Sapienza University of Rome and confessor to Pope Innocent XI, issued a second Latin translation in 1698 in Padua.

On April, 1213, Pope Innocent III issued the papal bull Quia maior, calling all of Christendom to join a new crusade.

The practice was finally ended when Pope Innocent XII issued the bull Romanum decet Pontificem, in 1692.

Clare's determination that her Order not be wealthy or own property, and that the nuns live entirely from alms given by local people, was initially protected by the papal bull Privilegium paupertatis, issued by Pope Innocent III.

As the visits became less bearable and the castle ’ s safety was threatened, King Emeric of Hungary requested the Pope Innocent II for permission to relocate the provost's office into forecastle, which was issued in 1204.

Pope Innocent XI issued the Rescript of 11 April 1682, in which he voided and annulled all that the assembly had done in regard to the regale ; he also refused Bulls to all members of the assembly who were proposed for vacant bishoprics.