In the East abbots, if in priests ' orders and with the consent of the bishop, were, as we have seen, permitted by the second Nicene council, AD 787, to confer the tonsure and admit to the order of reader ; but gradually abbots, in the West also, advanced higher claims, until we find them in AD 1489 permitted by Innocent IV to confer both the subdiaconate and diaconate.

Pope Innocent IV then ordered Sancho II to be removed from the throne and be replaced by the Count of Boulogne.

He led two embassies to the Mongols: the first carried letters from Pope Innocent IV and the second bore gifts and letters from Louis IX of France to Güyük Khan.

Andrew of Longjumeau led one of four missions dispatched to the Mongols by Pope Innocent IV.

In his Papal Bull Ad extirpanda of 1252, Pope Innocent IV authorised the Dominicans ' use of torture under prescribed circumstances.

In 1248, Pope Innocent IV gave the Croats of southern Dalmatia the unique privilege of using their own language and this script in the Roman Rite liturgy.

* 1248: Pope Innocent IV gave the unique privilege of using the Glagolitic alphabet in the liturgy.

A new crusade was discussed at the Council of Lyon in 1245 by Pope Innocent IV.

On July 17, 1251, Pope Innocent IV signed two papal bulls, ordering the Bishop of Chełmno to crown Mindaugas as King of Lithuania, appoint a bishop for Lithuania, and build a cathedral.

Pope Innocent IV with Louis IX at Cluny

* 1252 – Pope Innocent IV issues the papal bull ad extirpanda, which authorizes, but also limits, the torture of heretics in the Medieval Inquisition.

On May 15, Pope Innocent IV issued a papal bull entitled Ad exstirpanda, which authorized the use of torture by inquisitors.

The Papal bull issued by Pope Innocent IV establishing Lithuania's placement under the jurisdiction of the Bishop of Rome, and discussing Mindaugas ' baptism and coronation

In 1250 or 1251, Mindaugas agreed to receive baptism and relinquish control over some lands in western Lithuania, in return for an acknowledgment by Pope Innocent IV as king.

On 19 June 1250, following the canonisation of Malcolm's wife Margaret by Pope Innocent IV, Margaret's remains were disinterred and placed in a reliquary.

* 1210 – Pope Innocent III excommunicates Holy Roman Emperor Otto IV

In 1245 Pope Innocent IV allotted two thirds of conquered Courland to the Livonian Order, and one third to the Bishopric of Courland.

* 1210 – Pope Innocent III excommunicates German leader Otto IV.

On the death of Pope Innocent IV in 1254 he was elected pope at Naples on 12 December 1254.

Alexander IV succeeded Innocent IV as guardian of Conradin, the last of the Hohenstaufens, promising him protection ; but in less than a fortnight he conspired against him and bitterly opposed Conradin's uncle Manfred.

Shortly before his death, Innocent IV had granted Sicily, a papal fiefdom, to Edmund, second son of King Henry III of England.

In December 1251, he was created Cardinal Deacon of San Adriano by his uncle Pope Innocent IV.

One group of cardinals, which included Sinibaldo de ' Fieschi ( soon to be Pope Innocent IV ) backed a candidate from the inner circle of Pope Gregory IX expected to pursue the hard line with Frederick II.

He died before events could reach their climax ; it was his successor Pope Innocent IV who declared a crusade in 1245 that would finish the Hohenstaufen threat.

According to Hosea Ballou, then Pierre Batiffol ( 1911 ) and George T. Knight ( 1914 ) Amalric was a believer that all people would eventually be saved and this was one of the counts upon which he was declared a heretic by Pope Innocent III.

He was appointed grand penitentiary shortly after election of Pope Innocent VI in December 1352 and given the epithet " Angel of Peace ", a title which quickly became a sad misnomer as his future actions in the Papal States would drench the Italian countryside in blood from the River Po until the Garigliano.

When the Archbishop of Canterbury, Hubert Walter, died on 13 July 1205, John became involved in a dispute with Pope Innocent III that would lead to the king's excommunication.

Otto himself also seemed willing to grant any demands that Innocent would make.

Otto himself also seemed willing to grant any demands that Innocent would make.

For his services the king extorted various concessions from Innocent VII, among them the promise that he would not reach any accommodation with the rival Pope in Avignon that would compromise Ladislas ' claims to Naples, which had been challenged until very recently by Louis II of Anjou.

That suited Innocent VII, who had no intention of reaching an agreement with Avignon that would compromise his claims to the Papal States.

In the case of Innocent he permitted trade with Barbary merchants in which foodstuffs would be given in exchange for slaves who could then be converted to Christianity.

Innocent X confiscated their property, and on 19 February 1646, issued a bull ordaining that all cardinals who might leave the Papal States for six months without express papal permission would be deprived of their benefices and eventually of their cardinalate itself.

He wrote only four novels, the most famous of which is The Innocent Voyage ( 1929 ), better known now as A High Wind in Jamaica, as Hughes himself would rename it shortly after its initial publication.

Montfort would willingly have used James as a means of extending his own power had not the Aragonese and Catalans appealed to Pope Innocent III, who insisted that Montfort surrender him.

The portrait shows such ruthlessness in Innocent's expression that some in the Vatican feared that Velázquez would meet with the Pope's displeasure, but Innocent was well pleased with the work, hanging it in his official visitor's waiting room.

While in that city the bishop was named as one of the guarantors of a new financial arrangement between the king and the pope dealing with feudal payments from England, which lowered the lump sum that had to be paid before Innocent would lift the interdict.

When Pope Innocent II asked Thurstan's opinion on the elevation of Anselm of St Saba, who was Abbot of Bury St. Edmunds, to become Bishop of London, Thurstan replied " If we consider his life and reputation, it would be much more fitting to remove him from his abbacy than to promote him to be bishop of London.

Pope Innocent planned for the crusaders to meet at Brindisi in 1216, and prohibited trade with the Muslims, to ensure that the crusaders would have ships and weapons.

Frederick was the last monarch Innocent wanted to join, as he had challenged the Papacy ( and would do so in the years to come ).

In July 1405 Chicheley began a diplomatic career by a mission to the new Roman Pope Innocent VII, who was professing his desire to end the schism in the papacy by resignation, if his French rival at Avignon would do likewise.

Pope Innocent III had specifically warned the Crusaders not to attack fellow Christians ; Simon tried to reassure the citizens of Zara that there would be no attack, but nevertheless, the city was sacked in 1202.

In 1130, Pope Honorius II lay dying and the cardinals decided that they would entrust the election to a commission of eight men, led by papal chancellor Haimeric, who had his candidate Cardinal Gregory Papareschi hastily elected as Pope Innocent II.

Innocent further ordered that any royal appointments in York would require papal approval.

Not only did Casamaris listen to his informants ’ answers, but where they were in error, he would have taught them correct doctrine, in line with Innocent ’ s directive.