International organizations such as the World Bank, the Bank for International Settlements ( BIS ) and the International Monetary Fund ( IMF ) are strong supporters of central bank independence.

Following a split between supporters of Marx and Mikhail Bakunin, anarchists formed the International Workers ' Association.

Since then, the Society, guided by its International Steering Committee, has grown to over 4, 000 members and some 6, 000 associate supporters across more than 50 countries around the world.

They formed an international alliance to promote their views, calling it the International Communist Opposition, though it became better known as the Right Opposition, after a term used by the Trotskyist Left Opposition in the Soviet Union to refer to Bukharin and his supporters there.

Historically, the Fourth International was established in France in 1938: Trotsky and his supporters, having been expelled from the Soviet Union, considered the Comintern or Third International to have become " lost to " Stalinism and incapable of leading the international working class to political power.

Although the organisation reformed in 1923 as the Labour and Socialist International, supporters of the October Revolution and the Bolsheviks had already set up the Communist International ( Comintern ), which they regarded as the Third International.

In the early 1930s, Trotsky and his supporters believed that Stalin's influence over the Third International could still be fought from within and slowly rolled back.

Stalin's supporters, who dominated the International, would no longer tolerate dissent.

He and his supporters, expelled from the Third International, participated in a conference of the London Bureau of socialist parties outside both the Socialist International and the Comintern.

The resident International Executive Committee failed to meet, largely because of a struggle in the U. S. Socialist Workers Party ( SWP ) between Trotsky's supporters and the tendency of Max Shachtman, Martin Abern and James Burnham.

The Sixth World Congress in 1961 marked a lessening of the political divisions between the majority of supporters of the International Secretariat and the leadership of the SWP in the United States.

The supporters of Posadas left the International in 1962.

In July 2009, Lumley went on a visit to Nepal, upon her arrival at Tribhuvan International Airport she was greeted by crowds of Gurkha supporters, Lumley said in a statement, " I feel so humbled by the fact I'm going to meet so many ex-Gurkhas and their families, and see where they are and how they live.

Chairman Shu's visit, however, gave opportunity to aboriginal legislator Kao Chin Su-mei ( 高金素梅 ) to gain publicity by protesting with her supporters at the chairman's arrival at the Chiang Kai-Shek International Airport, now renamed Taiwan Taoyuan International Airport.

At a special conference 93 % of delegates voted for the ' Open Turn ', although a minority around Ted Grant broke away to form Socialist Appeal and remain in the Labour Party ; Ted Grant's supporters internationally formed the International Marxist Tendency.

Supporters of Cooper's methods point to the near-universal use of his system in the International Practical Shooting Confederation and other forms of action shooting, while Applegate's supporters point to police incidents where officers trained in Cooper's methods discharge many rounds at close range ( most measured in tens of feet ( 3 m ) or less ) with few ( if any ) disabling hits.

Central in the party leadership from 1923 to 1925 but pushed aside due to the influence of the Communist International ( Comintern ), the Cannon group became in 1928 supporters of Leon Trotsky.

* The Trial of the 21 Editors, New International, April 1938 ; analysis of the trial of Bukharin, Rykov et al.

It included 21 defendants alleged to belong to the so-called " Bloc of Rightists and Trotskyites ", led by Nikolai Bukharin, the former chairman of the Communist International, ex-premier Alexei Rykov, Christian Rakovsky, Nikolai Krestinsky and Genrikh Yagoda, recently disgraced head of the NKVD.

On the other hand, the theoretical framework of capitalism's decadence varies between different groups while left communist organizations like the International Communist Current hold a basically Luxemburgist analysis that makes an emphasis on the world market and its expansion, others hold views more in line with those of Vladimir Lenin, Nikolai Bukharin and most importantly Henryk Grossman and Paul Mattick with an emphasis on monopolies and the falling rate of profit.

Previously the word praxiology, with the meaning Espinas gave to it, was used by Tadeusz Kotarbiński ( in 1923 ) and some time later by several economists, such as the Ukrainian, Eugene Slutsky ( 1926 ) in his attempt to base economics on a theory of action, the Austrian Ludwig von Mises ( 1933 ), the Russian, Nikolai Bukharin ( 1888 – 1938 ) during the Second International Congress of History of Science and Technology in London ( in 1931 ), and the Pole, Oscar Lange ( 1904 – 1965 ) in 1959, and later.

In 1928, Maurice Spector, while attending the Sixth Congress of the Comintern in Moscow, accidentally got hold of a copy of Trotsky's Critique of the Draft Programme of the Communist International, which criticised the position of Nikolai Bukharin and Joseph Stalin, and especially exposed the anti-Marxist theory of " socialism in one country ".

* The Trial of the 21 Editors, New International, April 1938 ; analysis of the trial of Bukharin, Rykov et al.

It is also the name given to " right-wing " critics within the Communist movement internationally, particularly those who coalesced in the International Communist Opposition, regardless of whether they identified with Bukharin and Rykov.

In addition, as the Moscow Trials entered their second phase and turned against Bukharin and his supporters, disputes broke out within the ICO regarding whether there was any point in continuing with the concept of being an opposition within the Communist movement rather than openly create a new international rival to the Comintern, like Trotsky did with his Fourth International.

Furthermore, the suppression of POUM in May 1937 and the execution of Bukharin and other " rights " in the Soviet Union had convinced many that the Communist International could not be reformed and the idea of being an " opposition " within it was untenable.

Wolfe and Lovestone were sympathisers of Nikolai Bukharin and helped found the International Communist Opposition ( also known as the International Right Opposition ) which for a time had some influence before petering out.

They argue that this interpretation originated in the early years of the Second International and was popularised by Karl Kautsky and Nikolai Bukharin, among many others.

The same year, Kilbom was asked by Bukharin to go to Germany as a representative of the Communist International to overlook the development of the Communist Party of Germany.

On 5 November 2006, Crowe appeared on The Tonight Show with Jay Leno to announce that Firepower International was sponsoring the South Sydney Rabbitohs for $ 3 million over three years.

Other products of the Detroit rock scene included ; The Von Bondies, Electric 6, The Dirtbombs and The Detroit Cobras Elsewhere, other acts such as Billy Childish and The Buff Medways from Chatham, England, The ( International ) Noise Conspiracy from Umeå, Sweden, The 5. 6. 7. 8's from Tokyo, Japan, and Jay Reatard and the Oblivians from Memphis, USA enjoyed moderate underground success and appeal.

During his time on Saturday Night Live, Ferrell appeared in several movies: Austin Powers: International Man of Mystery, A Night at the Roxbury, Superstar, The Ladies Man, Dick, Drowning Mona, Austin Powers: The Spy Who Shagged Me, Jay and Silent Bob Strike Back, and Zoolander.

In 2001, Donald Moss, then president of the Association for Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback, and Jay Gunkelman, president of the International Society for Neurofeedback and Research, appointed a task force to establish standards for the efficacy of biofeedback and neurofeedback.

Jay Sebring ( October 10, 1933 – August 9, 1969 ) was an American hair stylist for celebrities, and the founder of the hairstyling corporation Sebring International.

Her work includes articles for magazines and newspapers around the world ( e. g., Wall Street Journal, International Herald Tribune, The Independent ( UK ), The Irish Times, The Toronto Globe and Mail, The LA Times, La Jornada ( Mexico ), The Review of the International Red Cross, Columbia University ’ s Journal of Politics and Society ) and chapters to numerous books ( e. g., This I Believe: The Personal Philosophies of Remarkable Men and Women, edited by Jay Allison and Dan Gediman book is the result of the “ This I Believe ” series on National Public Radio ; The Satanic Bible By Caesar 999 ; A Memory, A Monologue, A Rant, and A Prayer, edited by Eve Ensler ; Lessons from our Fathers, by Keith McDermott ; Girls Like Us: 40 Extraordinary Women Celebrate Girlhood in Story, Poetry and Song, by Gina Misiroglu ; The Way We Will be 50 Years from Today: 60 of the World ’ s Greatest Minds Share Their Visions of the Next Half-Century, edited by Mike Wallace ).

Big Jay McNeely regularly performs at the International Boogie Woogie Festival in The Netherlands, and recorded an album with Martijn Schok, the festival's promoter, in 2009.

Elm Farm Ollie ( known as " Nellie Jay " and post-flight as " Sky Queen ") was the first cow to fly in an airplane, doing so on 18 February 1930, as part of the International Air Exposition in St. Louis, Missouri, United States.

" Public schools are ranked according to a ratio devised by Jay Mathews: the number of Advanced Placement or International Baccalaureate tests taken by all students at a school in 2004 divided by the number of graduating seniors.

Groundbreaking hip hop films such as Wild Style ( 1982 ), Breakin ' ( 1984 ) and Krush Groove ( 1985 ) were also major influences ; and as early as 1982 local breakdancing crews like the Angeles City based Whooze Co. International, with members consisting primarily from Clark Air Base, The Eclipse ( whose former members included Francis Magalona, Dance 10's Darwin Tuason and current Federation Sounds ' Glenn " Kico " Lelay ), Info-Clash Breakers and Ground Control ( members included Rap Master Fordy, later to be known as Andrew E, and Jay " Smooth " MC of Bass Rhyme Posse ) became mainstays in local parks and malls in and around the Metro Manila area such as Glorietta Mall, which was an early hotspot for breakers.

The national list, which has been compiled by education columnist Jay Mathews since 1998, takes the total number of Advanced Placement, International Baccalaureate and Advanced International Certificate of Education tests given at a school each year and divides it by the number of seniors who graduated in May or June.

* Derdak, Thomas and Pederson, Jay P. International Directory of Company Histories.

The second translation, by Jay Rubin, is the authorized version for publication outside Japan and was first published in 2000 by Harvill Press in the UK, and Vintage International in the USA.

** Sebring International, hairstyling company owned by Jay Sebring

He currently lives in Miami Beach, Florida, and teaches creative writing at Florida International University, where his students have included Richard Blanco, Susan Briante, Jay Snodgrass and Emma Trelles.

Jay Harlan's company ( Buffet Enhancements International ) began distributing the D & R fountain in the U. S. in 2001.

On March 11, Chris Sabin defeated Alex Shelley and Sonjay Dutt in a 3-way match to represent both the USA in the " International X Division Showcase " at Destination X 2006 as well as joining Jay Lethal on Team TNA in the upcoming World X Cup Tournament.

Stanton has been called " one of the premier IB and AP public schools in the country " by Jay Mathews in his 2005 book " Supertest: How the International Baccalaureate Can Strengthen Our Schools.

Newsweeks formula, devised by Senior Contributing Editor Jay Mathews, divides the number of Advanced Placement or International Baccalaureate tests taken by the number of students, favoring schools such as JCIB which offer only college-level classes.

Sebring International is an international hairstyling corporation created by Jay Sebring and partners in 1967.

In 1993, after the death of Jay Scott, he was the host of Film International on TVOntario.

Jay is also a member of the International Costuming group the 501st Legion as a member of the Terror Australis Garrison ( Australia ).