In the later Middle Ages, destructive Mongol invasions from the East, and the loss of population in the Black Death, greatly weakened the traditional centre of the Islamic world, stretching from Persia to Egypt, and the Ottoman Empire was able to conquer most Arabic-speaking areas, creating an Islamic world power again, although one that was unable to master the challenges of the Early Modern period.

The Vijayanagara Empire rose to prominence as a culmination of attempts by the southern powers to ward off Islamic invasions by the end of the 13th century.

During the Middle Ages, Muslims were in conflict with Zoroastrians during the Islamic conquest of Persia ; Christians were in conflict with Muslims during the Byzantine-Arab Wars, Crusades, Reconquista and Ottoman wars in Europe ; Christians were in conflict with Muslims during the Crusades, Reconquista and Inquisition ; Shamans were in conflict with Buddhists, Taoists, Muslims and Christians during the Mongol invasions ; and Muslims were in conflict with Hindus and Sikhs during Muslim conquest in the Indian subcontinent.

This flowering of Islamic learning ceased centuries later when learning began declining in the Islamic world, after many of these libraries were destroyed by Mongol invasions.

Among extant " major religions ", Bonewits would count as Paleopagan Hinduism as it stood prior to the Islamic invasions of India, Shintoism and Taoism.

Following the Islamic prophet Muhammad's unification of the Arabian peninsula in 632, his successors, the Caliphs began a series of invasions of the Middle East, North Africa, Southern Europe, and South Asia.

Buddhism declined when the dynasties patronizing it declined, following White Hun and the early Arab Islamic invasions such as that of Muhammad bin Qasim.

In particular, he claims that the history of medieval India and the Islamic invasions is being rewritten.

The period also corresponds to the Islamic conquests, subsequent Islamic golden age, and commencement and expansion of the Arab slave trade, followed by the Mongol invasions in the Middle East and Central Asia.

His attacks on Mathura and Somnath are seen as decisive events in the history of North India and a sign of its subjugation to Islamic invasions.

With the Moorish invasions in the eighth century C. E., the de facto frontier between the Islamic state and the Christian one came to rest for a considerable period of time on the river Douro, around the year 1000.

When Buddhism expanded in Central Asia from the 1st century CE, Bactria saw the results of the Greco-Buddhist syncretism arrive on its territory from India, and a new blend of sculptural representation remained until the Islamic invasions.

The Banu Hassan a Maqil branch moved into the Sanhaja region in what's today the Western Sahara and Mauritania, they fought a thirty years war on the side of the Lamtuna Arabized Berbers who claimed Himyarite ancestry ( from the early Islamic invasions ) defeating the Sanhaja berbers and Arabizing Mauritania.

Several others followed with the first Arab Islamic invasions of the subcontinent in 712 AD.

The Nubian Christian kingdoms of Nobatia, Makuria and Alodia fell to the Islamic invasions in 650, 1312 and 1504, respectively.

The urban centers soon became substantially Islamic, but widespread conversion of the nomads of the desert did not come until after large-scale invasions in the eleventh century by beduin tribes from Arabia and Egypt.

Early in the 8th century, the Franks were preoccupied with Islamic invasions across the Pyrenees and up the Rhone Valley.

After the Mongol invasions of Islamic lands across Central Asia, many Sufis also found themselves fleeing towards India and around the environs of Bengal.

region of modern India and specially Rajastahn had from the 11th century to the 16th century experienced a frequent Islamic invasions and during this time many fled oppression and conversion to the plains and jungles of the Terai, Southern modern Nepal and hills of the Himalayas to take refuge and make a new life.

It seems that with Islamic invasions, the caste declined in importance and its traditional musical skills were condemned.

After the Mongol invasions, Turkish nomads began to gather into urban centers of the Islamic world.

Although affected by ideologies such as communism during much of the 20th century, the Islamic identity and the dominance of Islam on political issues intensified during the early 21st century.

His campaign eventually affected Kanem-Bornu and inspired a trend toward Islamic orthodoxy.

The contemporary documentary sources upon which modern knowledge is based therefore consist mostly of texts written in Christian and Islamic communities overseas, that had often been negatively affected by Viking activity.

According to Laqueur, conflicting statements about Jews in the Qur ' an have affected Muslim attitudes towards Jews to this day, especially during periods of rising Islamic fundamentalism.

The field of Islamic history includes the early development of the Islamic faith, as well as its continuation into the different rulers and denominations of the Islamic civilization, and confluence of its philosophy and history where these affected each other:

At present Balti has been heavily influenced by Turkish and Urdu, and affected by Islamic literature in Persian.

According to a U. S. State Department report, India topped the list of countries worst affected by Islamic terrorism.

The League states its functions and objectives to be the following: advocating the application of the rules of the Shariah either by individuals, groups, or states ; coordinating the efforts of Islamic preachers the world over ; developing methods for the propagation of Islam, peacefully in accord with the Qur ' an and the Sunnah ; education and culture ; holding symposia, rehabilitation, and refresher courses ; bringing intellectuals and opinion leaders together during the pilgrimage season with the aim of fostering closer relations among them and urging them to develop practical methods of raising the standard of Muslims in the world ; overseeing the activities of the Fiqh Council and lending it the support it needs to find Islamic solutions to contemporary problems ; promoting activities that aim at spreading the Arabic language and raising the standard of teaching to both Arabs and non-Arabs ; setting up branch offices as well as Islamic centers to serve the purpose of Islam ; extending urgent relief to Muslims affected by war and natural disasters ; and making the activities and construction of mosques more effective.

The group calls itself " Al-Harakat Al-Islamiyya " or the " Islamic Movement ".

Since its inception in the early 1990s, the group has carried out bombings, kidnappings, assassinations and extortion in what they describe as their fight for an independent Islamic province in the Philippines.

Early in the 17th century, groups in the region rallied to Abd al-Karim, who overthrew the ruling Tunjur group, transforming Ouaddai in an Islamic sultanate.

In his book The Early Islamic Conquests ( 1981 ), Fred Donner argues that the standard Arabian practice at the time was for the prominent men of a kinship group, or tribe, to gather after a leader's death and elect a leader from amongst themselves.

* Islamic group ( used in the Muslim world )

* Groupe Islamique Armé ( French for Armed Islamic Group ), Islamist group in Algeria

required Although José María Aznar and his ministers were quick to accuse ETA of the atrocity, soon afterwards it became apparent that the bombing was the work of an extremist Islamic group linked to Al-Qaeda.

Hezbollah (, literally " Party of Allah " or " Party of God ") is a Shi ' a Islamic militant group and political party based in Lebanon.

" While he also praised the group for " steadfast Islamic stance.

* Islamic Society, an Islamic-based group

The scandal began as an operation to free seven American hostages being held by a group with Iranian ties connected to the Army of the Guardians of the Islamic Revolution.

* Islamic Clerics Committee, a grassroots leadership group in Iraq

Such a demographic, alienated from the westernized ways of the urban elite, but uprooted from the comforts and more passive traditions of the villages they came from, is understandably favourably disposed to an Islamic system promising a better world – an ideology providing an " emotionally familiar basis for group identity, solidarity, and exclusion ; an acceptable basis for legitimacy and authority ; an immediately intelligible formulation of principles for both a critique of the present and a program for the future.

These groups include several mentioned above: al-Gama ' a al-Islamiyya ( Islamic Group ) of Egypt, Islamist groups in Algeria, Hamas and Islamic Jihad in Gaza and the West Bank, and Osama bin Laden and his al-Qaeda group.

In every day terms, the imam for Sunni Muslims is the one who leads Islamic formal ( Fard ) prayers, even in locations besides the mosque, whenever prayers are done in a group of two or more with one person leading ( imam ) and the others follow by copying his ritual actions of worship.

* Islamic Eschatology group on Facebook

* Nahdatul Ulama ( NU ), an Islamic group in Indonesia

A group called the Islamic Movement for Change claims responsibility.

Since inception in the early 1990s, the group has carried out bombings, assassinations, kidnappings, and extortion in their fight for an independent Islamic state in western Mindanao and the Sulu Archipelago.

The group opposed the Soviet-supported government, the following Mujahideen and Islamist governments, and the present United States-supported Islamic Republican form of government.

She had a debate with a representative of a hard line Islamic fundamentalist group.

However, the first group appears dominant: " Jamal al Banna has been for a number of years one of the few mainstream Muslim scholars to argue that the Muslim headscarf, or hijab, is not an Islamic obligation.

The Uyghur identity remains fragmented, as some support a Pan-Islamic vision, exemplified in the East Turkestan Islamic Movement, others support a Pan-Turkic vision, as in the East Turkestan Liberation Organization and a third group would like a " Uyghurstan " state, as in the East Turkestan independence movement.

In many tribal groups we see a split when a part of their members distanced themselves from the traditional leading group and formed a zawiya, following the Islamic example.