According to Plutarch, Demosthenes employed Isaeus as his master in Rhetoric, even though Isocrates was then teaching this subject, either because he could not pay Isocrates the prescribed fee or because Demosthenes believed Isaeus ' style better suited a vigorous and astute orator such as himself.

In his work, Antidosis, Isocrates states, " we have come together and founded cities and made laws and invented arts ; and, generally speaking, there is not institution devised by man which the power of speech has not helped us to establish ".

Isocrates ( 436-338 BC ), like the sophists, taught public speaking as a means of human improvement, but he worked to distinguish himself from the Sophists, whom he saw as claiming far more than they could deliver.

Isocrates had a great talent for this since he lacked confidence in public speaking.

The hypothesis to Isocrates ' Helen mentions that Anaximenes, too, had written a Helen, " though it is more a defense speech ( apologia ) than an encomium ," and concludes that he was " the man who has written about Helen " to whom Isocrates refers ( Isoc.

Little is known about his early life except that he was the son of Glaucippus, of the deme of Collytus and that he studied logography under Isocrates.

In Panathenaicus, Isocrates argues with a student about the literacy of the Spartans.

All particulars about his life are unknown, and were so even in the time of Dionysius, since Hermippus, who had written an account of the disciples of Isocrates, did not mention Isaeus at all.

Isocrates also states that many people migrated from Greece to Cyprus because of the noble rule of Evagoras.

Instead, they would speak for themselves and hire people like Isocrates to write speeches for them in exchange for a fee.

Rhetoric ’ s foundational structure, at the turn of the sixteenth century, would have consisted of classical teachings from names such as Isocrates, Aristotle, and Cicero.

Others however contend that a speaker's ethos extends to and is shaped by the overall moral character and history of the speaker — that is, what people think of his or her character before the speech is even begun ( cf Isocrates ).

* Evagoras of Cyprus and Philip II were both called " philhellenes " by Isocrates

" Dillon and Gergel state that the second sentence is a " preposterous statement, both as concerns Plato and Isocrates.

The ethos Erasmus sets forth within The Education of a Christian Prince ( Institutio principis christiani ), similar to the Isocratean manner of setting himself apart from potentially incompetent teachers, he shows a certain disdain “ against the sophists .” Actually referring to Isocrates, Erasmus, in the preface of Christian Prince and addressing Charles the prince, he states, “ or he was a sophist, instructing some petty king or rather tyrant, and both were pagans ”.

Erasmus ’ use of logos and pathos immediately follow when he completes the eschewing of Isocrates: “ I am a theologian addressing a renowned and upright prince, Christians both of us ”.

He is said to have been a pupil both of Plato and of Isocrates, the latter of whom asserts that, while he was with him, he was one of the gentlest and most benevolent of men.

I285a ), while Isocrates refers to the Spartans as " subject to an oligarchy at home, to a kingship on campaign " ( iii.

Thus for example Isocrates includes him among " the best advisers for human life ", even able to be ignored as a wowser, yet Plato's Socrates cites some Theognidean verses to dismiss the poet as a confused and self-contradictory sophist whose teachings are not to be trusted, while a modern scholar excuses self-contradictions as typical of a lifelong poet writing over many years and at the whim of inspiration.

He was a student of Isocrates in Athens, and later taught Demosthenes while working as a metic speechwriter for others.

Quintilian also “ insists that his ideal orator is no philosopher because the philosopher does not take as a duty participation in civic life ; this is constitutive of Quintilian's ( and Isocrates ' and Cicero's ) ideal orator " ( Walzer, 26 ).

Isocrates saw the ideal orator as someone who must not only possess rhetorical gifts, but possess also a wide knowledge of philosophy, science, and the arts.

Later, in the 4th century, the orators Isocrates and Demosthenes also became famous.

Zoilus also wrote responses to works by Isocrates and Plato, who had attacked the style of Lysias of which he approved.

Theon also wrote commentaries on Xenophon, Isocrates and Demosthenes, and treatises on style.

Teaching in oratory was popularized in the 5th century BC by itinerant teachers known as sophists, the best known of whom were Protagoras ( c. 481-420 BC ), Gorgias ( c. 483-376 BC ), and Isocrates ( 436-338 BC ).

He was the pupil and successor of Gorgias and taught at Athens at the same time as Isocrates, whose rival and opponent he was.

As a rhetorician, he was a determined opponent of Isocrates and his school.

In fact, according to Isocrates, the Athenians and their allies lost some 20, 000 men in the expedition.

According to the Athenian rhetorician Isocrates, Demeter's greatest gifts to humankind were agriculture, particularly of cereals, and the Mysteries which give the initiate higher hopes in this life and the afterlife.

He was an early teacher of Greek at the University and edited texts by Isocrates and Plutarch printed by Gilles de Gourmont in 1509 / 1510.

In the decades immediately preceding Macedon's domination of the Greek city-states, Chios was home to a school of rhetoric which Isocrates had opened, as well as a faction aligned with Sparta.

Among the exiled were Damasistratus and his son Theopompus, who had received instruction from the school and went on to study with Isocrates in Athens before becoming a historian.

This was a classically influenced genre, with models at least as far back as Xenophon and Isocrates, that was still quite popular during Machiavelli's life.

Aristotle and Isocrates were two of the first to see rhetoric in this light.

Aristotle, writing several years after Isocrates, supported many of his arguments and continued to make arguments for rhetoric as a civic art.

Demosthenes and Lysias emerged as major orators during this period, and Isocrates and Gorgias as prominent teachers.

In fact, Isocrates was an outspoken champion of rhetoric as a mode of civic engagement.

His was the first permanent school in Athens and it is likely that Plato's Academy and Aristotle's Lyceum were founded in part as a response to Isocrates.

* Isocrates.

According to Friedrich Nietzsche, a German philologist and philosopher, and Constantine Paparrigopoulos, a major Greek historian, Demosthenes was a student of Isocrates ; according to Cicero, Quintillian and the Roman biographer Hermippus, he was a student of Plato.

** Isocrates, Athenian orator ( d. 338 BC )