There are two different types of substitutional defects: Isovalent substitution and aliovalent substitution.

Within institutions there is a marked decline of the process of persuasion and the substitution of a force-fear process which masquerades as the earlier one of persuasion.

But Minsky shows ( as do Melzak and Lambek ) that his machine is Turing complete with only four general types of instructions: conditional GOTO, unconditional GOTO, assignment / replacement / substitution, and HALT.

## < tt > SubBytes </ tt >— a non-linear substitution step where each byte is replaced with another according to a lookup table.

In the < tt > SubBytes </ tt > step, each byte in the state matrix is replaced with a < tt > SubByte </ tt > using an 8-bit substitution box, the Rijndael S-box.

* Atonement – Wesley's atonement is a hybrid of the penal substitution theory and the governmental theory of Hugo Grotius, a lawyer and one of the Remonstrants.

In aromatic substitution one substituent on the arene ring, usually hydrogen, is replaced by another substituent.

The two main types are electrophilic aromatic substitution when the active reagent is an electrophile and nucleophilic aromatic substitution when the reagent is a nucleophile.

In radical-nucleophilic aromatic substitution the active reagent is a radical.

When there is more than one substituent present on the ring, their spatial relationship becomes important for which the arene substitution patterns ortho, meta, and para are devised.

The color of amethyst has been demonstrated to result from substitution by irradiation of trivalent iron ( Fe < sup > 3 +</ sup >) for silicon in the structure, in the presence of trace elements of large ionic radius, and, to a certain extent, the amethyst color can naturally result from displacement of transition elements even if the iron concentration is low.

The only material improvement, however, is the substitution of a support more suitable to the simplicity of the art.

After a fracture, woven bone forms initially and is gradually replaced by lamellar bone during a process known as " bony substitution.

This is seen particularly in the substitution of modern names of places, such as were in use in the writer's day, for the old names ; thus Gezer ( 1 Chr.

When the Laplace transform is performed on a discrete-time signal ( with each element of the discrete-time sequence attached to a correspondingly delayed unit impulse ), the result is precisely the Z transform of the discrete-time sequence with the substitution of

However, the law of mass action is valid only for concerted one-step reactions that proceed through a single transition state and is not valid in general because rate equations do not, in general, follow the stoichiometry of the reaction as Guldberg and Waage had proposed ( see, for example, nucleophilic aliphatic substitution by S < sub > N </ sub > 1 or reaction of hydrogen and bromine to form hydrogen bromide ).

Priority is assigned according to the substitution of elements with higher atomic numbers, or other attached groups

In integration, the counterpart to the chain rule is the substitution rule.

In a substitution reaction, a functional group in a particular chemical compound is replaced by another group.

Electrophilic substitution is the counterpart of the nucleophilic substitution in that the attacking atom or molecule, an electrophile, has low electron density and thus a positive charge.

This reaction takes place almost exclusively in aromatic hydrocarbons, where it is called electrophilic aromatic substitution.

Aliovalent substitution is where the ion that is substituting the original ion is of a different oxidation state as the ion it is replacing.

An intermission of 10 minutes takes place between each period, where teams change ends and substitution areas.

One obtains the value f ( r ) by substitution of the value r for the symbol X in P. One reason to distinguish between polynomials and polynomial functions is that over some rings different polynomials may give rise to the same polynomial function ( see Fermat's little theorem for an example where R is the integers modulo p ).

He says they are related through " substitution " where one word, phrase, or symbol is substituted for another in order to change the meaning.

By contrast, the cis and trans isomers of the X-Pro peptide bond ( where X represents any amino acid ) both experience steric clashes with the neighboring substitution and are nearly equal energetically.

A monoalphabetic cipher uses fixed substitution over the entire message, whereas a polyalphabetic cipher uses a number of substitutions at different positions in the message, where a unit from the plaintext is mapped to one of several possibilities in the ciphertext and vice versa.

The sites of substitution are predicted to be on the exposed sides of leptin, where the changes likely alter leptin function.

where < symbol > is a nonterminal, and the __expression__ consists of one or more sequences of symbols ; more sequences are separated by the vertical bar, '|', indicating a choice, the whole being a possible substitution for the symbol on the left.

Frequently used are substitution ciphers where each letter is replaced by a different letter or number.

In mathematics, and in other disciplines involving formal languages, including mathematical logic and computer science, a free variable is a notation that specifies places in an expression where substitution may take place.

* Polygraphic substitution, schemes where pairs or triplets of plaintext letters are treated as units for substitution, rather than single letters ( for example, the Playfair cipher invented by Charles Wheatstone in the mid-19th century ).

A public good is provided efficiently at the level where the combined marginal rate of substitution of all individuals is equal to the marginal rate of transformation.

Mechanisms of chemical change, such as the uptake of F-or CO3-may cause recrystallization where hydroxyapatite is dissolved and re-precipitated allowing for the incorporation of substitution of exogenous material.

For a grapheme to be represented by various glyphs means that the grapheme has glyph variations that are usually determined by selecting one font or another or using glyph substitution features where multiple glyphs are included in a single font.

In the case where and depend on several uncorrelated variables, i. e., and, can be found by substitution in several variables discussed above.

In classical cryptography, one of the earliest encryption methods was the simple substitution cipher, where letters in a message were systematically replaced using some secret scheme.

Other revisions included modernization of several words and phrases, substitution of inclusive language where appropriate, correction of spelling and typographical errors, alteration of punctuation to conform to modern standards, and emendation of a few historical inaccuracies.

An example of nucleophilic substitution is the hydrolysis of an alkyl bromide, R-Br, under alkaline conditions, where the attacking nucleophile is the OH < sup >−</ sup > and the leaving group is Br < sup >-</ sup >.

The S < sub > N </ sub > 2 reaction ( also known as bimolecular nucleophilic substitution ) is a type of nucleophilic substitution, where a lone pair from a nucleophile attacks an electron deficient electrophilic center and bonds to it, expelling another group called a leaving group.

* Omnitonic – The final phase of tonality, and one embodied for Fétis by Wagner, where the alteration of the intervals of natural chords and modification by substitution of notes is so complex that it becomes impossible to identify the original chord.