The AMPAS was originally conceived by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer studio boss Louis B. Mayer as a professional honorary organization to help improve the film industry ’ s image and help mediate labor disputes.

The International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences defines psychological altruism as " a motivational state with the goal of increasing another ’ s welfare ".

Psychological altruism is contrasted with psychological egoism, which refers to the motivation to increase one ’ s own welfare.

One way is a sincere expression of Christian love, " motivated by a powerful feeling of security, strength, and inner salvation, of the invincible fullness of one ’ s own life and existence ".

Another way is merely " one of the many modern substitutes for love, ... nothing but the urge to turn away from oneself and to lose oneself in other people ’ s business.

* David Firestone-When Romney ’ s Reach Exceeds His Grasp-Mitt Romney quotes the song

" Swift extends the metaphor to get in a few jibes at England ’ s mistreatment of Ireland, noting that " For this kind of commodity will not bear exportation, and flesh being of too tender a consistence, to admit a long continuance in salt, although perhaps I could name a country, which would be glad to eat up our whole nation without it.

George Wittkowsky argued that Swift ’ s main target in A Modest Proposal was not the conditions in Ireland, but rather the can-do spirit of the times that led people to devise a number of illogical schemes that would purportedly solve social and economic ills.

In response, Swift ’ s Modest Proposal was " a burlesque of projects concerning the poor ", that were in vogue during the early 18th century.

Critics differ about Swift ’ s intentions in using this faux-mathematical philosophy.

Charles K. Smith argues that Swift ’ s rhetorical style persuades the reader to detest the speaker and pity the Irish.

Swift ’ s specific strategy is twofold, using a " trap " to create sympathy for the Irish and a dislike of the narrator who, in the span of one sentence, " details vividly and with rhetorical emphasis the grinding poverty " but feels emotion solely for members of his own class.

Swift ’ s use of gripping details of poverty and his narrator ’ s cool approach towards them create " two opposing points of view " that " alienate the reader, perhaps unconsciously, from a narrator who can view with ' melancholy ' detachment a subject that Swift has directed us, rhetorically, to see in a much less detached way.

Once the children have been commodified, Swift ’ s rhetoric can easily turn " people into animals, then meat, and from meat, logically, into tonnage worth a price per pound ".

Swift uses the proposer ’ s serious tone to highlight the absurdity of his proposal.

In making his argument, the speaker uses the conventional, text book approved order of argument from Swift ’ s time ( which was derived from the Latin rhetorician Quintilian ).

James Johnson argued that A Modest Proposal was largely influenced and inspired by Tertullian ’ s Apology: a satirical attack against early Roman persecution of Christianity.

Johnson notes Swift ’ s obvious affinity for Tertullian and the bold stylistic and structural similarities between the works A Modest Proposal and Apology.

He reminds readers that " there is a gap between the narrator ’ s meaning and the text ’ s, and that a moral-political argument is being carried out by means of parody ".

One of Alan's most notable works was one he modeled after Boethius ’ Consolation of Philosophy, to which he gave the title De Planctu Naturae, or The Plaint of Nature, and which was written most likely in the late 1160 ’ s.

Andrew Carnegie ’ s political and economic focus of during the late nineteenth and early twentieth century was the defense of laissez faire economics.

Electrothermal AAS ( ET AAS ) using graphite tube atomizers was pioneered by Boris V. L ’ vov at the Saint Petersburg Polytechnical Institute, Russia, since the late 1950s, and further investigated by Hans Massmann at the Institute of Spectrochemistry and Applied Spectroscopy ( ISAS ) in Dortmund, Germany.

The first group arrived in 1898 and throughout late 1898 to early 1899 Western Bahá ’ ís sporadically visited ` Abdu ' l-Bahá.

The Haworth Art Gallery in Accrington contains an outstanding collection of Tiffany glassware presented to the town by Joseph Briggs, an Accrington man who had joined Tiffany ’ s in the late 19th century and eventually became art director and assistant manager.

But, because the writer had an incomplete and erroneous view of historical details in the second half of the sixth century, Daniel ’ s era, such imbalances support the theory of a late date of writing.

The presence of three Greek loanwords that only occur in Daniel chapter 3, have supporters of a late date say that Daniel had to have been written after Alexander the Great ’ s conquest of the Orient, from 330 BCE.

The novels were written in the late 19th century, in collaboration with Colette ’ s first husband, Henry Gauthier-Villars, better known by his nom-de-plume Willy, who was also a writer.

These deliberate acts of violence against civilians were acknowledged by the CIA as early as late 1983, when Duane Clarridge, Latin America division chief of the CIA ’ s Directorate for Operations, reported in a secret briefing to the Senate subcommittee that his contras had murdered " civilians and Sandinista officials in the provinces, as well as heads of cooperatives, nurses, doctors and judges.

It wasn ’ t until the late 1800s, however, that a young German philosopher by the name of Herman Ebbinghaus developed the first scientific approach to studying memory.

late 20th and early 21st century critics, Jonathan Wells and Stephen Jay Gould, have objected to the continued use of Haeckel ’ s embryo drawings in textbooks.

They began corresponding in the late 1820s and met for the first time in March 1830, when Isaac D ' Israeli dined at Bulwer-Lytton ’ s house ( also present that evening were Charles Pelham Villiers and Alexander Cockburn.

It is most widely accepted that stromatolites from the late Archean and through the middle Proterozoic eon were mostly formed by massive colonies of cyanobacteria ( formerly known as blue-green algae ), and that the oxygen byproduct of their photosynthetic metabolism first resulted in earth ’ s massive banded iron formations and subsequently oxygenated earth ’ s atmosphere.

Each of FAO ’ s Goodwill Ambassadors – celebrities from the arts, entertainment, sport and academia such as Nobel Prize winner Rita Levi Montalcini, actress Gong Li, the late singer Miriam Makeba, and soccer players Roberto Baggio and Raúl, to name a few – has made a personal and professional commitment to FAO ’ s vision: a food-secure world for present and future generations.

Lies about his motives for attempting to divorce his wife and marry his late son ’ s fiancé.

Observers found that even as late as 1890, their engineering was inferior to Britain ’ s.

HKIA ’ s network to China is also expanded by the opening of SkyPier in late September 2003, offering millions in the PRD direct access to the airport.

It has been argued that Roman Britain ’ s continental trade peaked in the late 1st century AD and thereafter declined as a result of an increasing reliance on local products by the population of Britain, caused by economic development on the island and by the Roman state ’ s desire to save money by shifting away from expensive long-distance imports.

Evidence has, however, been outlined that suggests that the principal decline in Roman Britain ’ s continental trade may have occurred in the late 2nd century AD, from c. 165 AD onwards.

Observers found that even as late as 1890, their engineering was inferior to Britain ’ s.

Keith Johnstone ’ s work at the Royal Court Theatre in the late 1950s is seen as an important framework for contemporary improvisational theatre today.

Schiphol is an important European airport, ranking as Europe ’ s 4th busiest and the world's 14th busiest by total passenger traffic in 2011.

24 Nov. 2008 < http :// www. britannica. com / EBchecked / topic / 137950 / Saint-Cornelius >.</ ref > His Saint ’ s Day was originally on the 14th of September, the date on which both St. Cyprian and St. Cornelius were martyred, as proposed by St. Jerome.

Tensions between Bahrain and Iran had already been raised in the summer of 2007, when Hossein Shariatmadari, an Advisor to Iran ’ s supreme leader Grand Ayatollah Ali Khamenei, and editor of the Iranian newspaper, Kayan, called for Bahrain to be incorporated into Iran as its 14th province – a stance that echoed Saddam Hussein ’ s designs on Kuwait in the late 1980s.

According to Nielsen Media Research, the month of February 2011 had finished as Disney Channel ’ s most-watched February sweeps period in Total Day ratings in the network's history ever, earning an average of 1. 7 million viewers among Total Viewers, along with 590, 000 viewers with a 2. 1 rating share among Kids 6 – 11 and 459, 000 viewers with a 1. 9 rating share among Tweens 6 – 9 ; 9 – 15 ; among the first two demos, the channel posted its 14th consecutive month of year-to-year gains in both demos.

There ’ s been a Bell Inn on the quay since the 14th century.

Sylvester lsaacs ; 2nd Lt. Nimrod Mcintosh ; lst Lt. William A. Smith and 2nd Lt. Robert A. Thomas ; ail of the 14th Cavalry ; Ass ’ t Surgeon William H. Glass ; Lt. Col. Alfred C. Wilson ; and Capt.

In 2010, Hamilton County was home to three of the state ’ s 20 largest cities and towns: Carmel ( 8th ), Fishers ( 9th ), and Noblesville ( 14th ).

There was a strong connection with Russian music: Rostropovich and Sviatoslav Richter became frequent visitors, and in 1970 Shostakovich ’ s 14th Symphony-dedicated to Britten-had its first performance outside the USSR at the Concert Hall.

The originals, some of which were masterpieces of Venetian sculpture of the 14th and 15th centuries, were placed, together with other sculptures from the facades, in an area specifically set aside for this purpose: the Museo dell ’ Opera.

" Harlan ’ s concerns about the entrenchment on the 14th Amendment would prove well founded as states benefited to institute segregation based law that would become popularized as the Jim Crow system.

In the middle of the 14th century, the guilds ’ court of justice was constructed on the southern end of the piazza.

In the 14th century, the seigneury of Mouscron was eventually sold to a Tournai lord, and in 1430, the local castle became the lord ’ s manor, or Château des Comtes, which can still be seen today.

the earliest date is put around the 14th century where a copperplate inscription of Parakarama Bahu IV ( 1302-1326 ) refers to two persons who were declared exempt from certain taxes which included " gun licenses ". http :// www. island. lk / index. php? page_cat = article-details & page = article-details & code_title = 22207 many also believe that it was the Portuguese who first brought over actual muskets during their invasion of the Sri Lankan Coastline and low lands in 1505 as they regularly used short barrelled matchlocks during combat, however, P. E. P. Deraniyagala points out that the Sinhala term for gun, ‘ bondikula ’ matches the Arabic term for gun, ‘ bunduk .’ Also that certain technical aspects of the early Sinhalese matchlock were similar to the matchlocks used in the Middle East, thus forming the generally accepted theory that the musket was not entirely new to the island by the time the Portuguese came, but it was only in a short matter of time that native Sri Lankan kingdoms, most notably the kingdom of Sitawaka and the Kandyan Kingdom where Sinhalese muskets with a unique bifurcated stock, longer barrel and smaller calibre, which made it more efficient in driving out the energy from the gunpowder, where manufactured by the hundreds and mastered by soldiers to the point where according to the Portuguese invader, Queyroz, they could " fire at night to put out a match " and " by day at 60 paces would sever a knife with four or five bullets " and " send as many on the same spot in the target.

However, the Bonpo remained stigmatised and marginalised until 1977, when they sent representatives to Dharamsala and Tenzin Gyatso, the 14th Dalai Lama, who advised the Tibetan parliament-in-exile, the Assembly of Tibetan People ’ s Deputies, to accept Bon members.

Assyria's revolt against the Hurrian kingdom of Mittani probably led to fall of the kingdom in the 14th BC century and ultimately contributed to Mittani empires ’ s collapse.

Of the 300 odd Private Members ’ Bills introduced in the 14th Lok Sabha, barely 4 % were discussed ; 96 % lapsed without even a single debate in the House.

Plessy ’ s lawyer, Albion Tourgee, claimed Plessy ’ s 13th and 14th amendment rights were violated.

Wexford is the 13th largest of Ireland ’ s thirty-two counties in area and 14th largest in terms of population.

By the 14th century, glassmakers were allowed to wear swords, enjoyed immunity from prosecution by the Venetian state, and found their daughters married into Venice ’ s most affluent families.

The sea gypsy villages at Rawai and Sapam hold their ceremonies on the 13th ; Ko Si-re celebrates on the 14th ; and Laem La ( east of the bridge on Phuket ’ s northern tip ) on the 15th.

* Chwedlau Odo (" Odo's Tales ") is a 14th century Welsh version of the animal fables in Odo of Cheriton ’ s Parabolae.

( A Midsummer Night ’ s Dream: I, i ) Chaucer, a 14th century Middle English writer, wrote that knights must cast away the “ workes of darkness .” Dante described hell as “ solid darkness stain ’ d .”