Now, although the roots of the mystery story in serious literature go back as far as Balzac, Dickens, and Poe, it was not until the closing decades of the 19th century that the private detective became an established figure in popular fiction.

At first glance this appears strange: of all people, was not America founded by rugged individualists who established a new way of life still inspiring `` undeveloped '' societies abroad??

It was established in a couple of buildings in the shopping district, with only a few professors, but all eminent men, and a few hundred eager students housed in nearby dwellings.

Her mother was a good manager and established a millinery business in Milwaukee.

Greek phone service is worse than French, so that it was to be some little time before contact of any sort was established.

After all, Pike was an established poet and his work had been published in the respectable periodicals of that center of American culture, Boston.

It was therefore not until the publication of J.H. Round's `` The Settlement Of The South And East Saxons '', and W.H. Stevenson's `` Dr. Guest And The English Conquest Of South Britain '', that a scientific basis for place-name studies was established.

He could no longer build anything, whether a private residence in his Pennsylvania county or a church in Brazil, without it being obvious that he had done it, and while here and there he was taken to task for again developing the same airy technique, they were such fanciful and sometimes even playful buildings that the public felt assured by its sense of recognition after a time, a quality of authentic uniqueness about them, which, once established by an artist as his private vision, is no longer disputable as to its other values.

So the pattern was established.

It was a quarter of seven when the crowd washed me up among the other gallants who had established the Astor steps as the beach-head from which to launch their night of merrymaking.

Once the principle was established, the increase in state-owned vehicles came rapidly.

In 1951 the pool's operation was transferred to the newly-created Department of Administration, an agency established as the central staff and auxiliary department of the state government.

Under the sponsorship of the Office of Naval Research and the Advanced Research Projects Agency, a data center was established to gather and index all published information on atomic transition probabilities.

A detailed energy balance of the anode was established.

When the early part of the gradient was flattened, either by using the gradient shown in Fig. 2 or by allowing the `` cone-sphere '' gradient to become established more slowly, Region 2 activity could sometimes be separated into two areas ( donors P. J. and R. S., Fig. 1 and E. M., Fig. 2 ).

The specificity of staining with Af was established as follows: Af specifically stained tumor sections but not sections of healthy sweet clover stems or of crown gall tumor tissue from sweet clover.

He took advantage of the antagonism between aggressive assertiveness and anxiety and found a relatively rapid disappearance of anxiety when the former attitude was established.

Since the writer had established this democratic procedure in the beginning he had to go along with their decision -- after, of course, pointing out whether he thought their decision was a wise or an unwise one.

Although the Taylor Scale was designed as a group testing device, in this study it was individually administered by psychologically trained workers who established rapport and assisted the children in reading the items.

Though little democracy had ever been practised in this region, and much of it was still ruled by feudalistic means, it was taken for granted that at least the forms of Western democracy would be established in this area and Western capitalism preserved within it.

Now, with virtually every writer, not only was the European origin of public law acknowledged as a historical phenomenon, but the rules thus established by the advanced civilizations of Europe were to be imposed on others.

After 1895 the number increases, and in the next thirty years there is only one year for which there is no dated poem -- 1903, when Hardy was at work on The Dynasts.

The single largest organization of Anthropologists is the American Anthropological Association ( AAA ), which was founded in 1903.

Ward died in 1903, not knowing the national stature his music would attain, as the music was only first applied to the song in 1904.

In the following year he became provisional Principal of the Theological College of Saint Thomas ( from which he had just graduated ), and in 1903 his appointment was made permanent.

By 1903 the Liberals were so dominant that there was no longer an organized opposition in Parliament.

In 1903, he was named vice-chancellor of the Catholic Church, and became the Chancellor of the Apostolic Chancery in the Secretariat of State in 1908.

At Pergamum there was discovered in 1903 a Hellenistic copy of the head of the Hermes " Propylaeus " of Alcamenes.

Alexander I or Aleksandar Obrenović ( Cyrillic: Александар Обреновић ; 14 August 1876 – 11 June 1903 ) was king of Serbia from 1889 to 1903 when he and his wife, Queen Draga, were assassinated by a group of Army officers, led by Colonel Dragutin Dimitrijević

His elder brother, Tom, was already a physician and suggested to his younger sibling that he follow the same career, and so in 1903, the younger Alexander enrolled at St Mary's Hospital Medical School in Paddington.

* Calamity Jane Martha Jane Canary ( May 1, 1852 – August 1, 1903 ), better known as Calamity Jane, was an American frontierswoman, and professional scout best known for her claim of being an acquaintance of Wild Bill Hickok.

Anaïs Nin (; born Angela Anaïs Juana Antolina Rosa Edelmira Nin y Culmell, February 21, 1903 – January 14, 1977 ) was a French-Cuban author, based at first in France and later in the United States, who published her journals, which span more than 60 years, beginning when she was 11 years old and ending shortly before her death, her erotic literature, and short stories.

In February 1903, two followers of Muhammad ` Alí, including Badi ' u ' llah and Siyyid ` Aliy-i-Afnan, broke with Muhammad ` Ali and wrote books and letters giving details of Muhammad ` Ali's plots and noting that what was circulating about ` Abdu ' l-Bahá was fabrication.

The Arrhenius definition of acid – base reactions is a development of the hydrogen theory of acids, devised by Svante Arrhenius, which was used to provide a modern definition of acids and bases that followed from his work with Friedrich Wilhelm Ostwald in establishing the presence of ions in aqueous solution in 1884, and led to Arrhenius receiving the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1903 for " recognition of the extraordinary services ... rendered to the advancement of chemistry by his electrolytic theory of dissociation ".

The first delayed steal on record was performed by Miller Huggins in 1903.

" By the Way " was originally a column in the Globe, consisting of unsigned humorous pieces ; P. G. Wodehouse was assistant editor of the column from August 1903 and editor from August 1904 to May 1909, during which time he was assisted by Herbert Westbrook.

In 1901, Baltimore and McGraw were awarded an expansion franchise in the growing American League, but again the team was sacrificed in favor of a New York City franchise, as the team was transferred to New York in 1903.

The main weapons of assassination chosen organised the successful assassination of King Alexander I of Serbia and his consort Draga ; he confirmed that Captain Dragutin Dimitrijevic, who had personally led the group of Army officers who killed the royal couple in the Old Palace at Belgrade on the night of 28 / 29 May 1903 ( Old Style ), was also the Black Hand's leader.

The two had disagreed on the issue as early as March – May 1903, but it was not until the Congress that their differences became irreconcilable and split the party.

It opened in July 1903 in Kingston upon Thames, but the show was unsuccessful and it closed after two weeks.

He was crouched over his anvil in the courtyard getting his chisels into trim, when a splinter of steel flew into his eye and imbedded itself in his pupil.

During 1988, the Liberals formally merged with the SDP to form the Liberal Democrats, though a small splinter Liberal Party was formed in 1989 by former members opposed to the merger.

At approximately 20: 30, Nelson was struck over his blinded right eye by an iron splinter fired in a langrage shot from Spartiate.

One genus, Pachycrocuta, was a 200 kg ( 440 lb ) mega-scavenger that could splinter the bones of elephants.

The Nacionalistas were led by Salvador Laurel while the splinter group, led by Danding Cojuangco, was known as the Nationalist People's Coalition or NPC.

The favoured timber for pencils was Red Cedar as it was aromatic and did not splinter when sharpened.

The usual translation into English is the Red Army Faction ; however, the founders wanted it to not reflect a splinter group but rather an embryonic militant unit that was embedded in or part of a wider communist workers ' movement.

In 2001, Mahmood was apprehended by the FIA for his suspect connections to Taliban and its related splinter groups.

The ITF was founded in 1966 by Choi Hong Hi as a splinter group from the KTA.

He also was to become a painter, with the nickname of lo Scheggia meaning " the splinter.

In Central and East Asia, there was a series of revolts after Kazan Khan was killed in an uprising, and the Chagatai Khanate began to splinter and fall ; several revolts in China began what would eventually lead to the overthrow of the Yuan Dynasty.

When that power was gone the Luwian people remained in the vacuum as a number of coastal splinter states that were scarcely able now to defend themselves.

Classified weapon research would take place at Los Alamos National Laboratory ( LANL ) ( established during the war ) and the new Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory ( LLNL ), established by Lawrence and Edward Teller from what was originally a splinter from the original Radiation Laboratory.

Tensions with the more Orthodox elements in the group caused a formal split in 1987, when a more religiously-oriented splinter group, called the " Movement for the Establishment of the Temple " was founded.

The other splinter UCR party, called Recrear, was led by former De la Rúa Minister of Economy Ricardo López Murphy.

A third party, the Bermuda Democratic Alliance ( BDA ), was formed in the summer of 1967 with a splinter group from the PLP as a nucleus ; it disbanded in 1970.

By 260, Liu Qubei had organized the Tiefu confederacy in the north east, and by 290, Liu Yuan was leading a splinter group in the south west.

This prediction was foiled by Strom Thurmond's candidacy as a splinter States ' Rights Democrat, but Clifford's strategy nonetheless helped win Truman election in his own right and establish the Democratic Party's position in the Civil Rights Movement.

The relic at Angers was a splinter of the fragment of the True Cross which had been acquired by Louis IX.

The PFLP-GC was founded in 1968 as a Syrian-backed splinter group from the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine ( PFLP ).

However, later on his colleagues in Jemaah Islamiah claimed that Noordin had formed his own splinter cell which was even more violent and militant.

A splinter group, the Separate Church of Preston, was established in 1747 and continued until 1817.

The Omagh bombing () was a car bomb attack carried out by the Real Irish Republican Army ( RIRA ), a splinter group of former Provisional Irish Republican Army members opposed to the Good Friday Agreement, on Saturday 15 August 1998, in Omagh, County Tyrone, Northern Ireland.