In painting, Dürer had relatively little influence in Italy, where probably only his altarpiece in Venice was seen, and his German successors were less effective in blending German and Italian styles.

A cartoon ( from the Italian " cartone " and Dutch word " karton ", meaning strong, heavy paper or pasteboard ) is a full-size drawing made on sturdy paper as a study or modello for a painting, stained glass or tapestry.

The fresco technique has been employed since antiquity and is closely associated with Italian Renaissance painting.

Buon fresco technique consists of painting in pigment mixed with water on a thin layer of wet, fresh ( hence the name ) lime mortar or plaster, for which the Italian word for plaster, intonaco, is used.

A secco painting, in contrast, is done on dry plaster ( secco is " dry " in Italian ).

Guilds, Innovation, and the European Economy, 1400 – 1800 ( 2008 ) 360pp essays by scholars covering German and Italian territories, the Netherlands, France, and England ; plus guilds in cloth spinning, painting, glass blowing, goldsmithing, pewterware, book-selling, and clock making.

El Greco, a respected Greek artist from the period, settled in Spain, and infused Spanish art with the styles of the Italian renaissance and helped create a uniquely Spanish style of painting.

The term is derived from the wider senses of the word historia in Latin and Italian, and essentially means " story painting ", rather than the painting of scenes from history in its narrower sense in modern English, for which the term historical painting may be used, especially for 19th century art.

It comes to the fore in Italian Renaissance painting, where a series of increasingly ambitious works were produced, many still religious, but several, especially in Florence, which did actually feature near-contemporary historical scenes such as the set of three huge canvases on The Battle of San Romano by Paolo Uccello, the abortive Battle of Cascina by Michelangelo and the Battle of Anghiari by Leonardo da Vinci, neither of which were completed.

Impressionism emerged in France at the same time that a number of other painters, including the Italian artists known as the Macchiaioli, and Winslow Homer in the United States, were also exploring plein-air painting.

* Italian Renaissance painting

A fresco painting, from the Italian word affresco which derives from the adjective fresco (" fresh "), describes a method in which the paint is applied on plaster on walls or ceilings.

Fresco-secco painting is done on dry plaster ( secco is " dry " in Italian ).

As in painting, early Italian Mannerist sculpture was very largely an attempt to find an original style that would top the achievement of the High Renaissance, which in sculpture essentially meant Michelangelo, and much of the struggle to achieve this was played out in commissions to fill other places in the Piazza della Signoria in Florence, next to Michelangelo's David.

The Conversion of Saint Paul, a 1600 painting by Italian artist Caravaggio ( 1571 – 1610 )

He transformed the direction of Italian painting, moving it away from the idealizations of Gothic art, and, for the first time, presenting it as part of a more profound, natural, and humanist world.

Early Italian tenor viola da gamba, detail from the painting St. Cecilia, by Raphael, c. 1510.

See links above for Italian Renaissance painting and Renaissance sculpture.

" Gesso ", also known " glue gesso " or " Italian gesso " is a traditional mix of an animal glue binder ( usually rabbit-skin glue ), chalk, and white pigment, used to coat rigid surfaces such as wooden painting panels as an absorbent primer coat substrate for painting.

Peruggia was an Italian patriot who believed Leonardo's painting should be returned to Italy for display in an Italian museum.

Though his first Italian visit is recognized as a crucial chapter in the development of Velázquez's style – and in the history of Spanish Royal Patronage, since Philip IV sponsored his trip – we know rather little about the details and specifics: what the painter saw, whom he met, how he was perceived and what innovations he hoped to introduce into his painting.

* 1991 – Libero Grassi, an Italian businessman from Palermo is killed by the Mafia after taking a solitary stand against their extortion demands.

* 1945 – The Nazi occupation army surrenders and leaves Northern Italy after a general partisan insurrection by the Italian resistance movement ; the puppet fascist regime dissolves and Benito Mussolini tries to escape.

* 2005 – The final piece of the Obelisk of Axum is returned to Ethiopia after being stolen by the invading Italian army in 1937.

Born in the borough of Brooklyn in New York City to Italian immigrants, Capone became involved with gang activity at a young age after being expelled from school at age 14.

Gianfranco Fini was the leader of the party since its foundation in 1995, however he stepped down in 2008 after being elected to the nominally non-partisan post of President of the Italian Chamber of Deputies and was succeeded by Ignazio La Russa, who managed to merge the party into The People of Freedom ( PdL ).

National Alliance, launched in 1994, was officially founded in January 1995, when the Italian Social Movement ( MSI ), the former neo-fascist party, merged with conservative elements of the former Christian Democracy, which had disbanded in 1994 after two years of scandals and various splits due to corruption at its highest levels, exposed by the Mani Pulite investigation, and the Italian Liberal Party, disbanded in the same year.

Beethoven was eager to have his work played in Berlin as soon as possible after finishing it, since he thought that musical taste in Vienna was dominated by Italian composers such as Rossini.

Until 1928 it was directed by a General Manager, after this time instead by a Governor elected by an internal commission of managers, with a decree from the President of the Italian Republic for a term of 7 years.

* According to culinary writer Giuliano Bugialli, the term comes from the Italian bagno maria, named after Maria de ' Cleofa, who developed the technique in Florence in the sixteenth century.

After the collapse of Austria-Hungary, the Hungarian population declined, while the German speaking population was forced or compelled to leave after World War II and similar fate was suffered by the Italian population.

Cyprus is third largest island in the Mediterranean ( after the Italian islands of Sicily and Sardinia ) and the world's 81st largest.

* The main source for Columbanus's life is recorded by Jonas of Bobbio, an Italian monk who entered the monastery in Bobbio in 618, three years after the saint's death ; Jonas wrote the life c. 643.

The Dominican Republic's small Catalina Island has been studied since 13 December 2007, by a team of underwater archaeologists from Indiana University, after an Italian tourist announced the discovery of an old wreck at just under the clear blue waters, at a distance of no more than offshore.

Catharism disappeared from the northern Italian cities after the 1260s, under pressure from the Inquisition.

The Vichy French administration continued to hold out in the colony for over one year after the Italian collapse.

Christopher Columbus named the island after the day of the week on which he spotted it-a Sunday (' Doménica ' in Italian )-which fell on 3 November 1493 on his second voyage.

Columbus named this island as Savona after the Italian city of the same name but the use during years has eliminated the letter v.

Left out of the Italian starting eleven in the 1970 FIFA World Cup, Zoff resumed his success after signing for Juventus in 1972.

* 1973 – John Paul Getty III, grandson of American billionaire J. Paul Getty, is found alive near Naples, Italy, after being kidnapped by an Italian gang on July 10, 1973.

Seven years after the Parte Primera appeared, Don Quixote had been translated into French, German, Italian, and English, with the first French translation of ' Part II ' appearing in 1618, and the first English translation in 1620.

The Italian possession of maritime areas previously claimed by Abyssinia / Ethiopia was formalized in 1889 with the signing of the Treaty of Wuchale with Emperor Menelik II of Ethiopia ( r. 1889 – 1913 ) after the defeat of Italy by Ethiopia at the battle of Adua where Italy launched an effort to expand its possessions from Eritrea into the more fertile Abyssinian hinterland.

Eritrea was placed under British military administration after the Italian surrender in World War II.

The Italian Eritreans strongly rejected the Ethiopian annexation of Eritrea after the war: the Party of Shara Italy was established in Asmara in July 1947 and the majority of the members were former Italian soldiers with many Eritrean Ascari ( the organization was even backed up by the government of Italy ).