Arnulf only retained power in Italy as long as he was personally there.

When they entered Italy, some Lombards retained their native form paganism, while some were Arian Christians.

As a result of this Concordat, the Emperor still retained in his hands the controlling influence in the election of the bishops in Germany, though he had abandoned much in regard to episcopal elections in Italy and Burgundy.

Lothair retained the imperial title and the kingdom of Italy.

In 383 as commander of Britain, he usurped the throne against emperor Gratian ; and through negotiation with emperor Theodosius I the following year he was made emperor in Britannia and Gaul-while Gratian's brother Valentinian II retained Italy, Pannonia, Hispania, and Africa.

After fleeing from Italy and Orestes without opposition, Nepos returned to Dalmatia, over which he retained control.

In practical terms, Odoacer was an increasingly independent King of Italy, nominally recognizing the Eastern Empire's suzerainty ; Nepos retained claim to the Imperial title, but exercised no real power outside of Dalmatia.

The Etruscans in Italy were, from their earliest period, greatly influenced by their contact with Greek culture and religion, but they retained their wooden temples ( with some exceptions ) until their culture was completely absorbed into the Roman world, with the great wooden Temple of Jupiter on the Capitol in Rome itself being a good example.

Early examples of the Doric order include the temples at Paestum in southern Italy, a region called Magna Graecia, which was settled by Greek colonists and retained a strongly Hellenic culture.

Italy retained the championship, beating Hungary 4 – 2 in the final.

After the fall of Napoleon, not only was Napoleonic Code retained by many such countries including the Netherlands, Belgium, parts of Italy and Germany, but has also been used as the basis of certain parts of law outside Europe including the Dominican Republic, the US state of Louisiana and the Canadian province of Quebec.

In the Treaty of Cambrai ( 1529 ), called the " Ladies ' Peace " because it was negotiated between Charles's aunt and Francis ' mother, Francis renounced his claims in Italy but retained control of Burgundy.

The term grenadier was retained or adopted by various elite infantry units, including Potsdam Grenadiers, the Granatieri di Sardegna ( Grenadiers of Sardinia ) in Italy, the Foot Grenadiers, Fusilier-Grenadiers, Tirailleur-Grenadiers and Horse Grenadiers of the French Imperial Guard, the Imperial Russian Grenadier Leib Guards Regiment, Britain's Grenadier Guards and the 101st Grenadiers.

However, there have been many significant challenges facing Istro-Romanians in preserving their language, culture and ethnic identity, including emigration from communism and migration to nearby cities and towns after World War II, when the Paris Peace Treaty with Italy that was signed on February 10, 1947 took Istria away from Italy ( which had previously gained Istria after World War I ) and awarded it to Yugoslavia, the parent country of present-day Croatia and Slovenia, who split Istria in two parts amongst themselves, while Italy retained the small portion near Trieste.

Anchored by the immigration waves of the late 19th century and early 20th century, Little Italy has retained its roots, even as neighborhood remodeling projects update the scenery.

:" Early records show the family ensconced in northern Italy in the 16th century where they fought on the side of the Reformation, fled to Holland, intermarried with Dutch burghers ' daughters, picked up the first names of the Low Countries, but retained the Italianate " Fonda ".

Among his 19 defenses were one against Enrique Solis in Puerto Rico, a 15 round decision win, one in Japan against former world champion Royal Kobayashi, knocked out in 14, one in South Korea against Sa Wang Kim, knocked out in 8, one in Houston against the former three time world champion and fellow Hall of Famer Rubén Olivares, who lasted 12, one in Papua New Guinea versus Johnny Aba, who lost in 11, two against future world junior lightweight champion Rocky Lockridge, who went the distance with Pedroza in New Jersey and in Italy but lost by decision both times, a return to Venezuela to knock Carlos Pinango out in seven, a return to New Jersey to defeat Juan Laporte by decision, a return to Italy to beat Jose Caba, also by decision, and a fight in North Carolina in which he retained the title with a draw against Bernard Taylor.

Many Franks entered into positions of power and authority in Italy, though many Lombards, on account of their willingness to make peace with Charles, retained their positions.

Lothair, through the loyalty of the Lombards and later reconciliations, retained Italy and the imperial position through all remaining divisions of the Empire by his father.

Victorien Sardou's grandfather had served as a surgeon with Napoleon's army in Italy, and Sardou retained a lifelong interest in the French Revolution and the French Revolutionary Wars.

Consequently, the A112 was marketed as a Lancia from the mid-1970s in most markets, except for Italy and France, where it retained the Autobianchi branding until the end of production.

It retained Autobianchi badging and branding in Italy alone.

Under the influence of romantic nationalism, among economic and political forces, both Germany and Italy found political unity, and movements to create nations similarly based upon ethnic groups would flower in the Balkans ( see for example, the Carinthian Plebiscite, 1920 ), along the Baltic Sea, and in the interior of Central Europe, where in the eventual outcome, the Habsburgs succumbed to the surge of Romantic nationalism.

These fragments disappointed Romantic scholars as not matching the writer's great reputation, partly because Fronto's teachings, with their emphasis on studying ancient writers in search of striking words, were not in accordance with current fashion ( Italy, where not only Mai but Leopardi enthused over them, was an exception ), partly because they gave no support to the assumption that Fronto had been a wise counsellor to Marcus Aurelius ( indeed, they contain no trace of political advice ), partly because his frequent complaints about ill-health, especially those collected in book 5 of Ad M. Caesarem, aroused more annoyance than compassion ; these adverse judgements were reversed once Fronto was read for what he was rather than what he was not, as already in the sympathetic treatment by Dorothy Brock, Studies in Fronto and his Age ( Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1911 ).

After attempts at careers in medicine ( which he gave up owing to a distaste for dissections ), law, drawing, English and piano, he became one of the first Romantic writers, with his first collection of poems, Contes d ' Espagne et d ' Italie ( 1829, Tales of Spain and Italy ).

Italy has long been a center for European classical music, and by the beginning of the 20th century, Italian classical music had forged a distinct national sound that was decidedly Romantic and melodic.

Italy continued its leading cultural role through the Baroque period and into the Romantic period, when its dominance in painting and sculpture diminished but the Italians reestablished a strong presence in music.

De Rada was the harbinger and first audible voice of the Romantic movement in Albanian literature, a movement which, inspired by his unfailing energy on behalf of national awakening among Albanians in Italy and in the Balkans, was to evolve into the romantic nationalism characteristic of the Rilindja period in Albania.

While the most famous barcaroles are from the Romantic period, the genre was well-enough known in the 18th century for Burney to mention, in The Present State of Music in France and Italy ( 1771 ), that it was a celebrated form cherished by " collectors of good taste ".

She began to write poetry after World War II, while living in Italy ; she is most often classified as a ' New Romantic ' poet comparable to John Heath-Stubbs.

# A Special Place-Professor Sir Alec Jeffries of Leicester University in England develops DNA profiling and schlieren photography used by Theodore von Karman to study aerodynamics and Anthony Fokker's airborne machine guns and the Red Baron and geographer Ferdinand von Richthofen and Johann Gottfried Herder's Romantic ideas that start in Italy and paintings of actors and lighthouses and the War of Jenkins ' Ear and Spanish gold and Alexander Monro and William Cheselden's skeleton drawings and astronomical poetry by friends of fishing affiscinados who write books and Charles Cotton and skeptical wine-drinkers called Michel Eyquem, and Edward Jenner's cure for smallpox and J. J. Audubon and American bird painters and devious Russian real estate deals, --- and as a result in 1872, America gets a special place, the first national park, Yellowstone.

Born and trained as a dancer in his native Italy, he is known today as the Father of Romantic Ballet.

Like Saverio Mercadante, who also reassessed the strength and weaknesses of this period in opera, Pacini's style did change, but he quickly became eclipsed by the rising influence of Giuseppe Verdi on the Italian operatic scene, and many of his operas appeared to be old fashioned and rarely, if ever, appeared outside of Italy.

The first performance in Italy took place seven months later at the Teatro Comunale di Bologna on 1 November 1871 in an Italian translation by operatic baritone Salvatore Marchesi.

In Italy, a distinct form called " overture " arose in the 1680s, and became established particularly through the operas of Alessandro Scarlatti, and spread throughout Europe, supplanting the French form as the standard operatic overture by the mid-18th century.

In addition, a tradition of operatic production began in Warsaw in 1628, with a performance of Galatea ( composer uncertain ), the first Italian opera produced outside Italy.

By Handel's time, castrati had come to dominate the English operatic stage as much as that of Italy ( and indeed most of Europe outside France ), and also took part in several of his oratorios, though countertenors, too, occasionally featured as soloists in the latter, the parts written for them being closer in compass to the higher ones of Purcell, with a usual range of A < sub > 3 </ sub > to E < sub > 5 </ sub >.

Santley made his operatic debut in Italy in 1858 and became one of Covent Garden's leading singers.

The dawn of the 20th century opened up more opportunities for baritones than ever before as a taste for strenuously exciting vocalism and lurid, " slice-of-life " operatic plots took hold in Italy and spread elsewhere.

Furthermore, Boito was contemptuous of what he saw as the low operatic standards prevailing in Italy at that time, and he determined to make his new work distinctive, both musically and intellectually, from anything that had been heard before.

Later in 1913, Holloway decided to train as an operatic baritone, and so he went to Italy to take singing lessons from Ferdinando Guarino in Milan.

On the other hand, the intimate psychological encounters in realistic settings that characterize an Austro-Germanic work like Richard Strauss's Der Rosenkavalier ( 1911 ) are not ordinarily discussed in terms of Verismo because of the self-conscious " period-costume " setting of Strauss's opera, and because its elite and intellectually refined atmosphere are at odds with the earthy operatic melodramas being written in Italy during the same period, which are more typically associated with Verismo opera.

Galli-Curci made her operatic debut in 1906 at Trani, as Gilda in Giuseppe Verdi's Rigoletto, and she rapidly became acclaimed throughout Italy for the sweetness and agility of her voice and her captivating musical interpretations.

thumbFrancesco Tamagno ( 28 December 1850 – 31 August 1905 ) was an operatic tenor from Italy who sang with enormous success throughout Europe and America.

His operatic productions in Germany led to an international career, with operas staged in the Netherlands, Austria, Switzerland, England, Italy, and the United States.

In 1990, Kasahara crossed over from Japan to Italy for further operatic studies.

Born in Pavia, Claudia Muzio was the daughter of an operatic stage manager, whose engagements during her childhood took the family to opera houses around Italy as well as to Covent Garden in London and to the Metropolitan Opera in New York.

Claudia Muzio arrived in London at the age of 2 and went to school there, becoming fluent in English, before returning to Italy at the age of 16 to study in Turin with Annetta Casaloni, a piano teacher and former operatic mezzo-soprano who had created the role of Maddalena in the world première of Verdi's Rigoletto.

Muzio made her operatic début in Arezzo ( 15 January 1910 ) in the title-role of Massenet's Manon, and despite her youth she made rapid progress in the opera-houses of Italy, leading to débuts at La Scala in Milan in 1913 ( as Desdemona in Verdi's Otello ), in Paris ( as Desdemona ) and in London at Covent Garden ( as Puccini's Manon Lescaut ) in 1914 ; she stayed on in London to sing other roles including Mimì and Tosca ( both with Caruso ).

Paoli was also the first operatic artist to record an entire opera when he participated in a performance of Pagliacci by Ruggiero Leoncavallo in Milan, Italy.

In Polish – Lithuanian Commonwealth a tradition of operatic production began in Warsaw in 1628, with a performance of Galatea ( composer uncertain ), the first Italian opera produced outside Italy.

Hilda's back-story in fact extended to a few glorious years spent in Italy in the run-up to World War 2, studying " the rhythm method " under the large Italian operatic impresario Signor Bonavoce.

The earliest use of the term " bel canto " occurred in late 17th-century Italy, when it was applied to a sophisticated model of singing that was evolving there among practitioners of operatic and sacred music.

With these years of performing experiences, and aspiring to a career in opera, Franchi decided he would return to Italy for further opportunities and operatic studies.

He made his operatic debut at Pavia in 1831, as Valdeburgo in Bellini's La straniera, and went on to sing at La Scala and elsewhere in Italy.

Ronconi's success with audiences outside Italy was immediate, and he continued to be one of the most popular and influential operatic artists in Europe until the early 1870s, when he retired.