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The Etruscans in Italy were, from their earliest period, greatly influenced by their contact with Greek culture and religion, but they retained their wooden temples ( with some exceptions ) until their culture was completely absorbed into the Roman world, with the great wooden Temple of Jupiter on the Capitol in Rome itself being a good example.
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Etruscans and Italy
The Etruscan language was spoken and written by the Etruscan civilization, in what is present-day Italy, in the ancient region of Etruria ( modern Tuscany plus western Umbria and northern Latium ) and in parts of Lombardy, Veneto, and Emilia-Romagna ( where the Etruscans were displaced by Gauls ).
Inscriptions have been found in north-west and west-central Italy, in the region that even now bears the name of the Etruscans, Tuscany ( from Latin tuscī " Etruscans "), as well as in modern Latium north of Rome, in today's Umbria west of the Tiber, around Capua in Campania and in the Po valley to the north of Etruria.
A segment of this people moved south-west to Lydia, becoming known as the Lydians, while others sailed away to take refuge in Italy, where they became known as Etruscans.
Italy has been a seafaring peninsula dating back to the days of the Etruscans and the Greeks.
By the 3rd century BC, Rome had become the pre-eminent city of the Italian peninsula, having conquered and defeated the Sabines, the Etruscans, the Samnites and most of the Greek colonies in Sicily, Campania and Southern Italy in general.
* 474 BC: Battle of Cumae — The Syracusans under Hiero I defeat the Etruscans and end Etruscan expansion in southern Italy.
The Romans in Southern Italy eventually adopted the Greek alphabet as modified by the Etruscans to develop Latin writing.
* Hiero I, tyrant of Sicily, allied with Aristodemus, the tyrant of Cumae, defeat the Etruscan navy in the Battle of Cumae as the Etruscans try to capture the Greek city of Cumae in Italy.
The Etruscans were a dominant culture in Italy by 650 BC, surpassing other ancient Italic peoples such as the Ligures, and their influence may be seen beyond Etruria's confines in the Po River Valley and Latium, as well as in Campania and through their contact with the Greek colonies in Southern Italy ( including Sicily ).
Mimas was killed in exile, fighting alongside Aeneas in Italy, by Mezentius, king of the Etruscans.
The name Tyrsenus appears elsewhere as a variant of Tyrrhenus, whom many accounts bring from Lydia to settle the Tyrsenoi / Tyrrhenians / Etruscans in Italy.
Her name is indigenous to Italy and might even be of Etruscan origin, stemming from an Italic moon goddess * Meneswā ' She who measures ', the Etruscans adopted the inherited Old Latin name, * Menerwā, thereby calling her Menrva.
This particular system of inheritance applied to the thrones of the Picts of Northern Britain and the Etruscans of Italy.
The Third Samnite War represents the first attempt by the people of Italy to unite against Rome as the Samnites joined forces with the Etruscans, Umbrians and Gauls to the north.
When the Romans saw the Etruscans and Gauls in northern Italy joining the Samnites they were alarmed.
It was the Cumaean alphabet that was adopted in Italy, first by the Etruscans ( 800-100 BC ) and then by the Romans ( 300-100 BC ), thus becoming the Latin alphabet, the world's most widely used phonemic script.
In addition to the Italic peoples were the Etruscans, whose language was unrelated to Indo-European, but who exerted a strong cultural influence throughout much of Italy, including early Rome.
The history of architecture in Italy is one that begins with the ancient styles of the Etruscans and Greeks, progressing to classical Roman, then to the revival of the classical Roman era during the Renaissance and evolving into the Baroque era.
Barbatus rose to preeminence as a patrician officer of the Roman Republic during the crucial period of the Third Samnite War, when Rome finally defeated a coalition of neighboring states: the Etruscans, Umbrians and Samnites assisted by the Gauls, thereby extending its leadership and sovereignty over most of Italy.
The Etruscans benefited from the innovation: Old Italic variants spread throughout Italy from the 8th century.
The concept of the gens was not uniquely Roman, but was shared with communities throughout Italy, including those who spoke Italic languages such as Latin, Oscan, and Umbrian, as well as the Etruscans.
There were precursors to the triumphal arch within the Roman world ; in Italy, the Etruscans used elaborately decorated single bay arches as gates or portals to their cities.
Etruscans and were
Polybius relates that the Celts were close neighbors of the Etruscans and " cast covetous eyes on their beautiful country.
The archaeological evidence from Bologna and its vicinity contradicts the testimony of Polybius and Livy on some points, who say the Boii expelled the Etruscans and perhaps some were forced to leave.
According to Françoise Hélène Pairault's study, historical and archaeological evidence point to the fact that both Diana of the Aventine and Diana Nemorensis were the product of the direct or indirect influence of the cult of Artemis spread by the Phoceans among the Greek towns of Campania Cuma and Capua, which in turn passed it over to the Etruscans and the Latins by the VI and V centuries BC.
Beekes argued that the people later known as the Lydians and Etruscans had originally lived in northwest Anatolia, with a coastline to the Sea of Marmara, whence they were driven by the Phrygians c. 1200 BC, leaving a remnant known in antiquity as the Tyrsenoi.
" According to Woudhuizen, the Etruscans were colonizing the Latins.
Such hairpins suggest, as graves show, that many were luxury objects among the Egyptians and later the Greeks, Etruscans, and Romans.
This family is reasoned to be a pre-Indo-European Mediterranean substratum of the 2nd millennium BC, sometimes referred to as Pre-Greek, and this is supported by confirmation from ancient Greek authors like Herodotus in Histories that the Etruscans were from Lydia ( SW Turkey ).
Although the demography of ancient Rome was multi-ethnic, including, for example, Etruscans and other Italics besides the Latini, the latter were the dominant constituent.
The city was most probably founded and named by the Etruscans, for a parma ( circular shield ) was a Latin borrowing, as were many Roman terms for particular arms, and Parmeal, Parmni and Parmnial are names that appear in Etruscan inscriptions.
Undoubtedly, many Nuragic Cultural traits and values were inherited by the Etruscans and by the Romans.
In Attic Greek, the Etruscans were known as ( Tyrrhēnioi ), earlier Tyrsenoi, from which the Romans derived the names Tyrrhēni ( Etruscans ), Tyrrhēnia ( Etruria ), and Mare Tyrrhēnum ( Tyrrhenian Sea ).
The Etruscans were a monogamous society that emphasized pairing.
It is also possible that Greek and Roman attitudes to the Etruscans were based on a misunderstanding of the place of women within their society.
Some cities were founded by Etruscans in prehistoric times, and bore entirely Etruscan names.
Others were colonized by Etruscans who Etruscanized the name, usually Italic.
The Architecture of the ancient Etruscans adapted the external Greek architecture for their own purposes, which were so different from Greek buildings as to create a new architectural style.
The Etruscans were the chief enemies of the Umbri, and the Etruscan invasion went from the western seaboard towards the north and east ( lasting from about 700 to 500 BC ), eventually driving the Umbrians towards the Apenninic uplands and capturing 300 Umbrian towns.
After the downfall of the Etruscans, Umbrians attempted to aid the Samnites in their struggle against Rome ( 308 BC ); but communications with Samnium were impeded by the Roman fortress of Narni ( founded 298 BC ).
Remarkable is that, even though the Etruscans imported, manufactured, and exported amphorae extensively in their wine industry, and even though other Greek vase names were Etruscanized, no Etruscan form of the word exists.
The ancient Romans learned the arch from the Etruscans, refined it and were the first builders to tap its full potential for above ground buildings:
Etruscans were a monogamous society that emphasized pairing.
On the other hand, if the Sherden only moved into the Western Mediterranean in the ninth century, associated perhaps with the movement of early Etruscans and even Phoenician seafaring peoples into the Western Mediterranean at that time, it would remain unknown where they were located between the period of the Sea Peoples and their eventual appearance as the Nuragic civilization of Sardinia.
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