JPL is a federally funded research and development center ( FFRDC ) managed and operated by Caltech under a contract from NASA.

By this time, the Jet Propulsion Laboratory ( JPL ) of the US National Aeronautics and Space Administration ( NASA ) had become interested in the idea of planetary aerobots, and in fact a team under Jim Cutts of JPL had been working on concepts for planetary aerobots for several years, as well as performing experiments to validate aerobot technology.

JPL continued to work on a more focused, low-cost experiments to lead to a Mars aerobot, under the name MABVAP, for " Mars Aerobot Validation Program ".

Explorer 1 was designed and built by the California Institute of Technology's JPL under the direction of Dr. William H. Pickering.

The forerunner of the DSN was established in January 1958, when JPL, then under contract to the U. S. Army, deployed portable radio tracking stations in Nigeria, Singapore, and California to receive telemetry and plot the orbit of the Army-launched Explorer 1, the first successful U. S. satellite.

ITT Systems is under a 5 year contract to JPL for the DSN Operations and Maintenance.

In March 1996 radar observations of the asteroid were conducted at the Goldstone Observatory under the direction of JPL scientists Steven Ostro and Lance Benner, allowing the construction of a model of the object.

As the Director of JPL, from 1954, Pickering was closely involved with management of the Private and Corporal missiles under the aegis of the U. S. Army.

He participated in the Palomar Planet Crossing Asteroid Survey ( PCAS ) as an observer and astrometrist under the direction of Dr. Eleanor F. Helin ( JPL / Caltech ) from 1985 to 1988.

Jindal Power Limited ( JPL ), a subsidiary of Jindal Steel and Power Limited ( JSPL ), owned by Congress MP Naveen Jindal. The coal blocks allotted to Jindal Power Limited ( JPL ) in 1998, during the NDA regime, were followed by a slew of allocations under the UPA, which have culminated in making the Jindal Group the largest beneficiary of coal block allocations.

Jindal Power Limited ( JPL ), a subsidiary of Jindal Steel and Power Limited ( JSPL ), owned by Congress MP Naveen Jindal. The coal blocks allotted to Jindal Power Limited ( JPL ) in 1998, during the NDA regime, were followed by a slew of allocations under the UPA, which have culminated in making the Jindal Group the largest beneficiary of coal block allocations.

The FFSA run the South Australian Professional Men's Leagues, the Women's and Juniors Leagues, and the South Australian Junior Premier League ( JPL ), where teams from under 8s to under 17s play Sundays.

Once the data is processed at the complexes, it is transmitted to JPL for further processing and for distribution to science teams over a modern communications network.

Shortly after the discovery by LINEAR, Scientists at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory ( JPL ), the Athabasca University ( Canada ), the Queen ’ s University in Kingston ( Ontario, Canada ), the York University in Toronto and the Tuorla Observatory of the University of Turku in Finland determined the unusual orbit of, and through further observations at the Canada – France – Hawaii Telescope in Hawaii it was confirmed that:

Explorer 1 was designed and built by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory ( JPL ), while a Jupiter-C rocket was modified by the Army Ballistic Missile Agency ( ABMA ) to accommodate a satellite payload ; the resulting rocket known as the Juno I.

Working closely together, ABMA and JPL completed the job of modifying the Jupiter-C and building Explorer 1 in 84 days.

Together with the Jet Propulsion Laboratory ( JPL ), ABMA built Explorer 1 in 84 days and launched it on January 31, 1958.

Explorer 1 orbited for 10 years and was the forerunner of a number of successful JPL earth and deep-space satellites.

Working closely together, ABMA and Jet Propulsion Laboratory ( JPL ) completed the job of modifying the Jupiter-C and building Explorer 1 in 84 days.

Working closely together, ABMA and JPL completed the job of modifying the Jupiter-C and building the Explorer I in 84 days.

Mariner 3 ( together with Mariner 4 known as Mariner-Mars 1964 ) was one of two identical deep-space probes designed and built by Jet Propulsion Laboratory ( JPL ) for NASA's Mariner Mars 1964 Project that were intended to conduct close-up ( flyby ) scientific observations of the planet Mars and transmit information on interplanetary space and the space surrounding Mars, televised images of the Martian surface and occultation data of spacecraft radio signals as affected by the Martian atmosphere back to Earth.

** Stage 3: Three JPL scaled-down Sergeant rockets

* NASA JPL Pioneer 3 & 4

On December 3, 1958, JPL was transferred from the US Army to NASA and given responsibility for the design and execution of lunar and planetary exploration programs using remotely-controlled spacecraft.

On December 3, 1958, two months after the National Aeronautics and Space Administration ( NASA ) was created by Congress, JPL was transferred from Army jurisdiction to that of this new civilian space agency.

* M < sup > 3 </ sup >, the Moon Mineralogy Mapper from Brown University and JPL ( funded by NASA ) is an imaging spectrometer designed to map the surface mineral composition.

JPL eventually fired 3, 544 at White Sands during the testing program, where it was discovered that the launch of one rocket would affect the flight path of the ones behind it, making the dispersion too large to be a useful weapon.

According to Slava Turyshev of JPL in the paper " Support for temporally varying behavior of the Pioneer anomaly from the extended Pioneer 10 and 11 data sets ," published in Physical Review Letters in 2011, the anomaly has a temporally-decaying ( not constant as previously thought ) nature and points towards Earth.

JPL engineers designed and operated Ranger and Surveyor missions to the Moon that prepared the way for Apollo.

JPL also led the way in interplanetary exploration with the Mariner missions to Venus, Mars, and Mercury.

JPL has sent unmanned missions to every planet in our Solar System.

JPL has also conducted extensive mapping missions of Earth.

These are some of the missions partially sponsored by JPL:

JPL also provided a set of atmospheric and navigation sensors for the Solo Spirit round-the-world manned balloon flights, both to support the balloon missions and to validate technologies for planetary aerobots.

While these tests and experiments were going on, JPL performed a number of speculative studies for planetary aerobot missions to Mars, Venus, Saturn's moon Titan, and the outer planets.

Typically, unmanned earth observation missions and observatories in Earth orbit are managed by GSFC, while unmanned planetary missions are managed by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory ( JPL ) in Pasadena, California.

He then joined NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory ( JPL ) where he worked on the Mariner, Viking, and Voyager missions.

The city of La Cañada Flintridge, California was incorporated in 1976, well after JPL attained international recognition with a Pasadena address.

In the early 1990s KDA was involved with NASA's JPL and Germany's DASA in software development of the test / checkout system, as well as spacecraft hardware production, for the NASA / ESA Cassini-Huygens space probe.

The use of metric units as well as the data formats to employ were specified in a navigation software interface specification ( SIS ) published by JPL in 1996.

* JPL DARTS page has a section on spatial operator algebra ( link: ) as well as an extensive list of references ( link: ).

Old Pasadena began as the center of an enlightened " Athens of the West " that gave rise to Caltech, JPL, as well as Beckman Instruments, Aerojet and numerous other industrial giants.