After the French chemists Louis Nicolas Vauquelin, Louis Jacques Thénard, and Joseph-Louis Gay-Lussac approved the experiments of the young pharmacist Balard, the results were presented at a lecture of the Académie des Sciences and published in Annales de Chimie et Physique.

In the wake of the 11 July dismissal of Jacques Necker, the people of Paris, fearful that they and their representatives would be attacked by the royal military, and seeking to gain ammunition and gunpowder for the general populace, stormed the Bastille, a fortress-prison in Paris which had often held people jailed on the basis of lettres de cachet, arbitrary royal indictments that could not be appealed.

Ninety-eight attackers and just one defender died in the actual fighting, but in the aftermath, de Launay and seven other defenders were killed, as was the ' prévôt des marchands ' ( roughly, mayor ) Jacques de Flesselles.

Others who were either killed or captured at the actual Battle were as follows: King Jean II ; Prince Philip ( youngest son and progenitor of the House of Valois-Burgundy ), Geoffroi de Charny, carrier of the Oriflamme, Peter I, Duke of Bourbon, Walter VI, Count of Brienne and Constable of France, Jean de Clermont, Marshal of France, Arnoul d ' Audrehem, the Count of Eu, the Count of Marche and Ponthieu Jacques de Bourbon taken prisoner at the Battle and died 1361, the Count of Étampes, the Count of Tancarville, the Count of Dammartin, the Count of Joinville, Guillaume de Melun, Archbishop of Sens.

A portrait of the three Consuls ,< span lang =" fr "> Jean Jacques Régis de Cambacérès </ span >, < span lang =" fr "> Napoleon I of France | Napoleon Bonaparte </ span > and < span lang =" fr "> Charles-François Lebrun, duc de Plaisance | Charles-François Lebrun </ span > ( left to right )

From the 1960s and 1970s onward, language, symbolism, text, and meaning came to be seen as the theoretical foundation for the humanities, through the influence of Ludwig Wittgenstein, Ferdinand de Saussure, George Herbert Mead, Noam Chomsky, Hans-Georg Gadamer, Roland Barthes, Jacques Derrida and other thinkers in linguistic and analytic philosophy, structural linguistics, symbolic interactionism, hermeneutics, semiology, linguistically oriented psychoanalysis ( Jacques Lacan, Alfred Lorenzer ), and deconstruction.

In 1901, Egyptologist Gustave Jéquier, a member of an expedition headed by Jacques de Morgan, found the stele containing the Code of Hammurabi in what is now Khūzestān, Iran ( ancient Susa, Elam ), where it had been taken as plunder by the Elamite king Shutruk-Nahhunte in the 12th century BC.

Jean le Rond d ' Alembert withdrew from the enterprise and other powerful colleagues, including Anne Robert Jacques Turgot, Baron de Laune, declined to contribute further to a book which had acquired a bad reputation.

* Notable draftsmen of the 19th century include Paul Cézanne, Aubrey Beardsley, Jacques Louis David, Pierre-Paul Prud ' hon, Edgar Degas, Théodore Géricault, Francisco Goya, Jean Ingres, Odilon Redon, Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec, Honoré Daumier, and Vincent van Gogh.

* 1709 – Jacques de Vaucanson, French inventor ( d. 1782 )

Returning to the Hôtel de Ville ( city hall ), the mob accused the prévôt des marchands ( roughly, mayor ) Jacques de Flesselles of treachery and butchered him.

The aristocrat Jacques Antoine Marie de Cazalès and the abbé Jean-Sifrein Maury led what would become known as the right wing, the opposition to revolution ( this party sat on the right-hand side of the Assembly ).

He finally adopted the nom de plume George Orwell because, as he told Eleanor Jacques, " It is a good round English name.

On 17 March 1649 a French expedition of 203 men from Martinique, led by Jacques Dyel du Parquet who had been the Governor of Martinique on behalf of the Compagnie des Iles de l ' Amerique ( Company of the Isles of America ) since 1637, landed at St. Georges Harbour and constructed a fortified settlement, which they named Fort Annunciation.

Another French effort, Jacques Demy's homage to the MGM musical: Les Demoiselles de Rochefort ( 1967 ) in which Kelly appeared, was popular in France and nominated for Academy Awards for Best Music and Score of a Musical Picture ( Original or Adaptation ) but performed poorly, elsewhere.

In 1791 France became the first nation to decriminalise homosexuality, probably thanks in part to the homosexual Jean Jacques Régis de Cambacérès who was one of the authors of the Napoleonic code.

In the European Middle Ages, Hector figures as one of the Nine Worthies noted by Jacques de Longuyon, known not only for his courage but also for his noble and courtly nature.

* Jacques Freu et Michel Mazoyer, Des origines à la fin de l ' ancien royaume hittite, Les Hittites et leur histoire Tome 1, Collection Kubaba, L ' Harmattan, Paris, 2007 ;

King Philip IV of France ( 1268 – 1314 ) In 1305, the new Pope Clement V, based in France, sent letters to both the Templar Grand Master Jacques de Molay and the Hospitaller Grand Master Fulk de Villaret to discuss the possibility of merging the two Orders.

As for the leaders of the Order, the elderly Grand Master Jacques de Molay, who had confessed under torture, retracted his statement.

The last Grand Master was Jacques de Molay, burned at the stake in Paris in 1314 by order of King Philip IV.

* 1314 – Jacques de Molay, the 23rd and the last Grand Master of the Knights Templar, is burned at the stake.

* March 18 – Jacques de Molay, the 23rd and the last Grand Master of the Knights Templar, is burned at the stake.

** Jacques de Molay, last Grand Master of the Knights Templar

Philip ascended to the throne and became King at age 17, although according to the publication titled " The Life And Times Of Jacques de Molay ", Philip was 16.

In 1314, Philip had the last Masters of the Templars, Jacques de Molay and Geoffroi de Charney, Preceptor of Normandy, burned at the stake.

The account goes as follows: " The cardinals dallied with their duty until March 1314, ( exact day is disputed by scholars ) when, on a scaffold in front of Notre Dame, Jacques de Molay, Templar Grand Master, Geoffroi de Charney, Master of Normandy, Ilugues de Peraud, Visitor of France, and Godefroi de Gonneville, Master of Aquitaine, were brought forth from the jail in which for nearly seven years they had lain, to receive the sentence agreed upon by the cardinals, in conjunction with the Archbishop of Sens and some other prelates whom they had called in.

Among the best-known individuals to be executed by burning were Jacques de Molay ( 1314 ), Jan Hus ( 1415 ), St. Joan of Arc ( 30 May 1431 ), Savonarola ( 1498 ) Patrick Hamilton ( 1528 ), John Frith ( 1533 ), William Tyndale ( 1536 ), Michael Servetus ( 1553 ), Giordano Bruno ( 1600 ) and Avvakum ( 1682 ).

A popular thread of conspiracy theory originating with Holy Blood, Holy Grail has it that the Templars used a fleet of 18 ships which had brought Jacques de Molay from Cyprus to La Rochelle to escape arrest in France.

But the tale is not contemporary, and is an obvious copy of the story told of Jacques de Molay, grand-master of the Temple, and Philip IV of France.

Coat of arms of Jacques de Molay

Ordination of Jacques de Molay in 1265 as a Knight Templar, at the Beaune commandery.

Templars in Cyprus included Jacques de Molay and Thibaud Gaudin, the 22nd Grand Master.

Interrogation of Jacques de Molay.

Jacques de Molay sentenced to the stake in 1314, from the Chronicle of France or of St Denis ( fourteenth century ).

( translation: At this location, Jacques de Molay, last Grand Master of the Knights Templar, was burned on 18 March 1314 ), located by the stairs from the Pont-Neuf bridge.

In September 2001, Barbara Frale found a copy of the Chinon Parchment in the Vatican Secret Archives, a document which explicitly confirms that in 1308 Pope Clement V absolved Jacques de Molay and other leaders of the Order including Geoffroi de Charney and Hugues de Pairaud.

" The capture of Jerusalem by Jacques de Molay in 1299 ", by Claude Jacquand, Versailles, Musée National Chateau et Trianons.

It is said that Jacques de Molay cursed King Philip IV of France and his descendants from his execution pyre.

The Last Templar-The Tragedy of Jacques de Molay, Last Grand Master of the Temple ( Translated into English by Antonia Nevill ), Profile Books LTD, ISBN 1-86197-529-5 ( First publication in France in 2002 as Jacques de Molay: le crépuscule des templiers by Éditions Payot & Rivages ).

Moses and Joshua bowing before the Ark, painting by James Jacques Joseph Tissot, c. 1900

Jacques Callot (; c. 1592 – 1635 ) was a baroque printmaker and draftsman from the Duchy of Lorraine ( an independent state on the North-Eastern border with France, Southwestern border of Germany and overlapping the Southern Netherlands ).

Pope Urban IV ( c. 1195 – 2 October 1264 ), born Jacques Pantaléon, was Pope from 1261 to 1264.

** Jacques Lefèvre d ' Étaples, French theologian and humanist ( b. c. 1450 )

Other predecessors of the Reformed church included the pro-reform and Gallican Roman Catholics, like Jacques Lefevre ( c. 1455 – 1536 ).

* Jacques Pantaléon, ( c. 1195 – 1264 ), Pope Urban IV

* Jacques Callot ( c. 1592 – 1635 ), baroque graphics artist, draftsman and printmaker

New France, in present Canada, after a single Governor ( 24 July 1534 – 15 January 1541 Jacques Cartier ) had Lieutenants-general and Viceroys 15 January 1541 – September 1543 Jean François de la Rocquet, sieur de Robervalle ( b. c. 1500 – d.

Master James of Saint George ( c. 1230 – 1309 ), also known as Jacques de Saint-Georges d ' Espéranche, was an architect from Savoy responsible for designing many of Edward I's castles, including Conwy, Harlech and Caernarfon ( all begun in 1283 ) and Beaumaris in Anglesey ( begun 1295 ).

James II ( the Bastard ) of Cyprus or Jacques II le Bâtard de Lusignan ( Nicosia, c. 1438 / 1439 or c. 1440 – Famagusta, July 10, 1473 ), was the illegitimate son of John II of Cyprus and Marietta de Patras.

His own original publications are not of marked importance, but he edited an edition of Tournefort's Institutions rei herbariae ( 3 vols., 1719 ), and also a posthumous work of Jacques Barrelier, Plantae per Galliam, Hispaniam, et Italiam observatae, & c. ( 1714 ).

* c. 1530-50: The French explorer Jacques Cartier sails up the St. Lawrence River, claiming the land for France.

They became instantly extremely popular for their humoristic / parodic songs like " Ce Monde Existe ", " Si tu ne veux pas payer d ' impôts ", " Merci Patron ", " On n ' est Pas là Pour se Faire Engueuler ", " Ballade à Luis Rego, prisonnier politique ", " Paulette la Reine des Paupiettes ", " Berrystock ", " Sois Erotique " ( a parody of Serge Gainsbourg's " Je t ' aime Moi Non Plus "), " Je Suis Trop Beau " ( a parody of Jacques Dutronc ), " Berry Blues ", " Albert le Contractuel ",, " Cet été c ' était toi ", " Ouvre la Fenêtre ", " Pétronille Tu Sens la Menthe ", " Elle Avait du Poil au Ventre ", " Hey Max " ( a parody of Jimi Hendrix's " Hey Joe "), " Elle a Gagné le Yoyo en Bois du Japon ( avec la Ficelle du Même Métal )", " Le Trou de Mon Quai ", " La Biguine au Biniou ", " Le Chou Farci ", " Histoire Merveilleuse ", " Chagrin d ' labour ", " C ' est trop, c ' est trop ", " Ah Viens!

Jacques de Livron Joachim de la Tour de la Casa Martinez de Pasqually was born in c. 1727 in Grenoble, France, and died in 1774 in Saint-Domingue while dealing with profane business.

We shall not go far wrong if we include in the list Hyacinthe Morel ( 1756 – 1829 ), of Avignon, whose collection of poems, Lou Saboulet, has been republished by Frédéric Mistral ; Louis Aubanel ( 178 ~- 1842 ), of Nîmes, the successful translator of Anacreon's Odes ; Auguste Tandon, the troubadour of Montpellier, who wrote Fables, contes et autres pièces en vers ( 1800 ); Fabre d ' Olivet, the versatile littérateur who in 1803 published Le Troubadour: Poésies occitaniques, which, in order to secure their success, he gave out as the work of some medieval poet Diou-loufet ( 1771 – 1840 ), who wrote a didactic poem, in the manner of Virgil, relating to silkworm-breeding ( Leis magnans ); Jacques Azais ( 1778 – 1856 ), author of satires, fables, & c .; d ' Astros ( 1780 – 1863 ), a writer of fables in La Fontaine's manner ; Castil-Blaze, who found time, amidst his musical pursuits, to compose Provençal poems, intended to be set to music ; the Marquis de Fare-Alais ( 1791 – 1846 ), author of some light satirical tales ( Las Castagnados ).

* Jacques Lefèvre d ' Étaples / Jakob Faber Stapulensis, ( c. 1455 – c. 1536 ), French Renaissance humanist and theologian

Jacques Lefèvre d ’ Étaples or Jacob Faber Stapulensis ( c. 1455 – 1536 ) was a French theologian and humanist.

* Jacques Buus ( c. 1500-1565 )

* Jacques de Gouy ( c. 1610 – after 1650 )

Jacques Lemercier ( Pontoise c. 1585 – Paris, 13 January 1654 ) was a French architect and engineer, one of the influential trio that included Louis Le Vau and François Mansart who formed the classicizing French Baroque manner, drawing from French traditions of the previous century and current Roman practice the fresh, essentially French synthesis associated with Cardinal Richelieu and Louis XIII.

Jacques de Vitry, C. R. S. A., ( c. 1160 / 70 – May 1, 1240 ) was a French canon regular who was a noted theologian and chronicler of his era.