Jardine however insisted his tactic was not designed to cause injury and that he was leading his team in a sportsmanlike and gentlemanly manner, arguing that it was up to the Australian batsmen to play their way out of trouble.

Jardine insisted on strict discipline from his players but in return he went to great lengths to look after them, such as organising dental treatment or providing champagne for his tired bowlers.

Fender later insisted that his role was minor in creating the tactic, but he was close to Jardine and Arthur Carr, who discussed the plans before the tour began, and other writers suggested that the original idea was his.

It was the prospect of bowling at this line-up that caused England's 1932 – 33 captain Douglas Jardine to adopt the tactic of fast leg theory, also known as Bodyline.

Jardine called this modified form of the tactic fast leg theory.

This tactic was considered by many to be intimidatory and physically threatening, and Jardine is widely regarded by commentators and writers as the person responsible for the English strategy on that tour.

He did not do particularly well as a pace bowler in 1930, but following Australia's tour of England in that summer, when Don Bradman scored freely against the English bowling, Voce was part of a meeting convened between the future English captain, Douglas Jardine, and Nottinghamshire captain, Arthur Carr, to come up with a tactic to defeat Bradman and the Australians.

Voce, and his fellow Nottinghamshire fast bowler, Harold Larwood, agreed to a suggestion by Jardine that bowling fast rising balls into the batsmen's bodies, with several catching fielders on the leg side would be an effective tactic.

In 1930 and the following years, Carr was instrumental in developing the Bodyline bowling tactic together with future England captain Douglas Jardine and the two Nottinghamshire fast bowlers Harold Larwood and Bill Voce.

Jardine then used Larwood and Voce in similar fashion on the 1932-33 English tour of Australia, the tactic resulting in injuries to Australian batsmen and raising the ire of the Australian public.

Serving as Jardine's vice-captain on the 1932-33 tour of Australia, Wyatt was in charge of an early tour match that Jardine sat out of, and became the first captain to employ the controversial Bodyline tactic against the Australian team.

Fender showed these letters to Jardine when it became clear that he was to captain the MCC in Australia during the 1932-33 tour, and he also discussed Bradman's discomfort at the Oval.

Jardine felt that Bradman was afraid to stand his ground against intimidatory bowling, citing instances in 1930 when he shuffled about, contrary to orthodox batting technique.

When Jardine was appointed England's captain for the 1932 – 33 English tour of Australia, a meeting was arranged with Nottinghamshire captain Arthur Carr and his two fast bowlers Harold Larwood and Bill Voce at London's Piccadilly Hotel to discuss a plan to combat Bradman's extraordinary skills.

He was representing England in a side captained by Jardine.

In the second innings, Jardine was 96 not out when the game ended, having batted his team to safety.

Jardine accelerated after another slow start, during which he was again barracked to score his third century.

It was not unusual for Oxford and Cambridge cricketers to wear similar caps while batting, as both Jardine and MCC captain Percy Chapman did so on this tour, although it was slightly unorthodox to wear them while fielding.

Jardine was rested from that match and his deputy, Bob Wyatt, deployed the full bodyline tactics for the first time on the tour.

Of the four fast bowlers in the tour party, Gubby Allen was a voice of dissent in the English camp, refusing to bowl short on the leg side, and writing several letters home to England critical of Jardine, although he did not express this in public in Australia.

Bradman missed the first Test due to illness, although Jardine refused to believe this and thought the real reason was that the batsman had suffered a nervous breakdown due to his tactical scheme.

Jardine, who was known for being extremely dour even by the standards of the day, openly exulted and danced wildly upon Bradman's demise.

Jardine wrote that Larwood had asked for the field, while Larwood said that it was Jardine's decision.

William Jardine ( 24 February 1784 – 27 February 1843 ) was a Scottish physician and merchant.

Jardine was a resident in China from 1820 to 1839.

James Matheson joined him shortly after, and Magniac & Co. was reconstituted as Jardine, Matheson & Co in 1832.

Jardine, one of five children, was born in 1784 on a small farm near Lochmaben, Dumfriesshire, Scotland.

His father, Andrew Jardine, died when he was nine, leading the family in some economic difficulty.

He further believed that Jardine was convinced that the tactics were legitimate.

The tree, growing in Reelig Glen by Inverness is called Dughall Mor and stands at 64 m. It was measured in 2005 by Tony Kirkham and Jon Hammerton from the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, the late Jim Paterson from The Tree Register and David Jardine of the Forestry Commission.

Mike Love had leased the Beach Boys ' name and it was deemed that Al's newly-formatted band, called the Beach Boys Family & Friends ( featuring sons Matt and Adam Jardine, Carnie and Wendy Wilson, Daryl Dragon, Billy Hinsche and others ), was a breach of title use.

Jardine is noted for inventing and developing the spring-loaded camming devices called Friends that revolutionized rock climbing in the late 1970's.

During the series, Richardson exclaimed to his team mates " which of you bastards called ( Harold ) Larwood a bastard instead of this bastard ( Douglas Jardine )?

Kevin Jardine has gone on to become a producer in Montreal, as well as forming his own band called The Monarchy.

In 1930, England captain Douglas Jardine, together with Nottinghamshire's captain Arthur Carr and his bowlers Harold Larwood and Bill Voce, developed a variant of leg theory in which the bowlers bowled fast, short-pitched balls that would rise into the batsman's body, together with a heavily stacked ring of close fielders on the leg side.

Jardine asked Larwood and Voce if they could bowl on leg stump and make the ball come up into the body of the batsman.

Remembering that Bradman had struggled against bouncers during his 232 at The Oval in 1930, Jardine decided to combine traditional leg theory with short-pitched bowling to combat Bradman.

Douglas Jardine, the English captain ( and, like all England captains of the prewar era, a " gentleman amateur " leading a team partly made up of working-class professionals ), determined that Bradman was vulnerable to short-pitched bowling, and adopted " fast leg theory ".

In the fourth Test, Jardine only scored one run in the first innings, before he was given out leg before wicket ( lbw ) despite obviously hitting the ball.

Jardine explained his belief that Bradman was weak against bowling directed at leg stump and that if this line of attack could be maintained, it would restrict Bradman's scoring to one side of the field, giving the bowlers greater control of his scoring.

Jardine asked Larwood and Voce if they could bowl accurately on leg stump and make the ball rise up into the body of the batsman.

In a letter, Jardine told Fender that his information about the Australian batting technique was correct and that it meant he was having to move more and more fielders onto the leg side.

He had clashed with more of his team by this stage: he had argued with Gubby Allen at least twice about that bowler's refusal to bowl Bodyline ( although he did bowl bouncers and fielded in the " leg trap ", the fielders who waited for catches close in on the leg side ); and the Nawab of Pataudi had refused to field in the " leg trap ", to which Jardine responded, " I see his highness is a conscientious objector ", and subsequently allowed Pataudi to play little part in the tour.

Jardine scored 831 first-class runs on the Indian leg of the tour — he played one match in Ceylon ( now Sri Lanka )— averaging 55. 40.

Kennedy found that Jardine had slightly slow footwork, often bowling him or trapping him leg before wicket.

With alterations to the law in 1935, changing the leg before wicket law and preventing Bodyline bowling, Jardine became increasingly disillusioned with top-level cricket.

That June, watched by Ranjitsinhji, Cambridge were defeated by Oxford in the University Match ; Malcolm Jardine, an Oxford batsman, hit 140 runs, many with a version of the leg glance ; Jackson would not alter his tactics and Jardine was able to score easy runs.

During the famous Bodyline series, Allen strongly disagreed with the controversial tactics of Douglas Jardine, the English captain, and refused to bowl leg theory ; he still took 21 wickets in the series.

In the following summer came the Bodyline series, when England toured under Douglas Jardine and targeted the upper bodies of the Australian batsmen with short-pitched bowling, using a close leg side cordon to catch balls fended away from the body.

After the dominant first round for Liddell, Jardine started to land low leg kicks continuously throughout the fight while Liddell was unable to time the odd formed southpaw.