During the summer semester of 1919, Fromm studied at the University of Heidelberg, where he switched from studying jurisprudence to sociology under Alfred Weber ( brother of the better known sociologist Max Weber ), the psychiatrist-philosopher Karl Jaspers, and Heinrich Rickert.

She studied with Martin Heidegger and Karl Jaspers, leaving Germany in 1933.

Materialism developed, possibly independently, in several geographically separated regions of Eurasia during what Karl Jaspers termed the Axial Age ( approximately 800 to 200 BC ).

Although non-specific concepts of madness have been around for several thousand years, the psychiatrist and philosopher Karl Jaspers was the first to define the three main criteria for a belief to be considered delusional in his 1913 book General Psychopathology.

It was only after the war that Minkowski actively sought to integrate philosophy into his psychopathological work, taking a similar approach to Karl Jaspers, who influenced him, by introducing phenomenology as a method applied to psychopathological investigations on patients suffering from mental disturbances.

Heidegger's former lover Hannah Arendt spoke on his behalf at this hearing, while Jaspers spoke against him.

Meanwhile, he continued with his work on his thesis, spending much of his time devoted to his own research in the history of psychology and psychiatry, visiting the Bibliothèque Nationale every day to read the work of psychologists like Ivan Pavlov ( 1849 – 1936 ), Jean Piaget ( 1896 – 1980 ) and Karl Jaspers ( 1883 – 1969 ).

In the wake of one of their breakups, Arendt moved to Heidelberg, where she wrote her dissertation, under the existentialist philosopher-psychologist Karl Jaspers, on the concept of love in the thought of Saint Augustine.

Karl Theodor Jaspers ( 23 February 1883 – 26 February 1969 ) was a German psychiatrist and philosopher who had a strong influence on modern theology, psychiatry and philosophy.

At the age of 40 Jaspers turned from psychology to philosophy, expanding on themes he had developed in his psychiatric works.

Jaspers set about writing his views on mental illness in a book which he published in 1913 as General Psychopathology.

Jaspers wrote extensively on the threat to human freedom posed by modern science and modern economic and political institutions.

* Current scholarly research on Jaspers ( in English ) is organized by the Karl Jaspers Society of North America and published in Existenz.

Like Karl Jaspers, he particularly championed diagnoses based on the form, rather than the content of a sign or symptom.

During this time he read Karl Jaspers, who was to have a great influence on him.

Here he followed the advice of his teacher Karl Jaspers to graduate in philosophy on the one hand, and to study history and Latin with the prospect of becoming a schoolteacher on the other.

He completed his Ph. D., on the Russian religious philosopher Vladimir Soloviev's views on the union of God and man in Christ under the direction of Karl Jaspers.

Jaspers, in his Vom Ursprung und Ziel der Geschichte ( The Origin and Goal of History ), identified a number of key Axial Age thinkers as having had a profound influence on future philosophies and religions, and identified characteristics common to each area from which those thinkers emerged.

Jaspers ' axial shifts included the rise of Platonism, which would later become a major influence on the Western world through both Christianity and secular thought throughout the Middle Ages and into the Renaissance.

' In a letter to the German philosopher Karl Jaspers, Arendt went on to write that:

Jaspers was a British member of Parliament with a mutated brain that enabled him to alter reality ; an unfortunate side effect of this power was that it quickly drove him mad once he began to use it on a larger scale.

Jaspers later won a landslide general election victory on his anti-superhero platform and became Prime Minister.

The Fury arrived on Earth-616 and attacked Jaspers after recognising that this Jaspers was not the same man it was forbidden to kill.

Some years later, a large-scale reality warp originating on Earth-616 resulted in the recreation of the exterminated Earth-616 Jaspers and Fury as a single combined being.

As with Sartre ’ s idea of “ mirrors ” (“ Hell is other people !”), Jaspers writes of the self as “ reflection in someone else ’ s authentic self .” Unless we know what others think and expect of us, we cannot decide who we are or want to be.

Jaspers, therefore, presents a view in which all people depend upon society for self-definition, even if the act of definition is a rejection of society ’ s values.

Dazzler battles Rouge-Mort, who has badly wounded Roma, and Longshot gets concerned about her, making both himself and Sage wonder why / how, while Morph battles Jaspers by morphing into the Fury but his plan is quickly foiled.

Greenberg also notes that at the founding conference of the CCF in Berlin, the honorary chairmen included John Dewey, Bertrand Russell, Benedetto Croce, Karl Jaspers and Jacques Maritain.

Weber's friend, the psychiatrist and existentialist philosopher Karl Jaspers, described him " the greatest German of our era " and his untimely death felt to Jaspers " as if the German world had lost its heart.

Jaspers felt that psychiatrists could also diagnose delusions in the same way.

For Kierkegaard, at least, Jaspers felt that Kierkegaard's whole method of indirect communication precludes any attempts to properly expound his thought into any sort of systematic teaching.

It soon became clear that Jaspers did not particularly enjoy law, and he switched to studying medicine in 1902 with a thesis about criminology.

According to Jaspers, such individuals experience inner humiliation, brought about by outside experiences and their

Sage, Psylocke, and Wisdom recruit Albion to their cause, who proves to be a match for James Jaspers until Jaspers turns into the Fury.

Of particular importance, Jaspers believed that psychiatrists should diagnose symptoms ( particularly of psychosis ) by their form rather than by their content.

Jaspers considered primary delusions as ultimately ' un-understandable ,' as he believed no coherent reasoning process existed behind their formation.

In making this leap, individuals confront their own limitless freedom, which Jaspers calls Existenz, and can finally experience authentic existence.

The two major proponents of phenomenological hermeneutics, namely Paul Ricoeur ( a student of Jaspers ) and Hans-Georg Gadamer ( Jaspers's successor at Heidelberg ), both display Jaspers's influence in their works.

In making this leap, individuals confront their own limitless freedom, which Jaspers calls Existenz, and can finally experience authentic existence.

Sage, Psylocke, and Wisdom recruit Albion to their cause, who proves to be a match for James Jaspers until Jaspers turns into the Fury.

To the extent that the Axial Age represents an in-between period, a period where old certainties had lost their validity and where new ones were still not ready, it has also been suggested that the Axial Age can be considered a historically liminal period. Jaspers was particularly interested in the similarities in circumstance and thought of the Age's figures.

However her return to the Exiles is short, because after defeating Mad Jim Jaspers, Nocturne and Thunderbird leave to help their relationship grow and to help Nocturne more fully recover from her stroke.