Over the following decades, Muslims faced the same fate and about 60 years after the Jews, they were also compelled to convert (" moriscos ") or be expelled.

In premodern Muslim countries, Jews rarely faced martyrdom, exile or forcible conversion, and were mostly free in their choice of residence and profession.

* Massive immigration wave of Jews from the Commonwealth of Independent States to Israel – With the end of the Soviet Union, Israel faced a mass influx of Russian Jews, many of whom had high expectations the country was unable to meet.

When, in 1775 the Swiss-German Jews, faced with the threat of expulsion, turned to Mendelssohn and asked him to intervene on their behalf with " his friend " Lavater, Lavater, after receiving Mendelssohn's letter, promptly and effectively secured their stay.

Ancient Jews fleeing from persecution in their homeland 2, 500 years ago settled in India and never faced anti-Semitism.

Learning that Jews were being removed from public and academic positions, the Chagalls finally " woke up to the danger they faced ".

The rift between the priests and the sages developed during this time, when Jews faced new political and cultural struggles.

( The Tibetans, being exiled from their homeland for three generations now, are facing some of the same assimilation challenges faced by the Jews.

Jews under the Muslim rule rarely faced martyrdom or exile, or forced conversion and they were fairly free to choose their residence and profession.

In 1790, the approximate 2, 500 Jews in America faced a number of legal restrictions in various states that prevented non-Christians from holding public office and voting, but Delaware, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, and Georgia soon eliminated these barriers, as did the Bill of Rights in 1791 generally.

Rabbi Bernard Wienberger exemplified this point of view, warning that " northern liberal Jews " put at risk southern Jews who faced hostility from white southerners because of their northern counterparts.

Although the Inquisition is often viewed as being directed against Jews, it actually had no jurisdiction or authority over unconverted Jews or Muslims, and never claimed to have any ; only baptised Christians — in other words, persons who claimed to be Catholics — faced possible investigation.

In addition, the Jews of Georgia have successfully maintained their Jewish identity and traditions despite the oppression they faced under the Soviets.

In the wake of salvation, Anielewicz and his fellow Jews are faced with the agonising dilemma between siding with the Race against Nazi Germany, which has postponed but not altogether forsaken the implementation of the Final Solution-and in effect becoming " traitors to humanity "; or fighting against the Race, an act which would make them Nazi allies.

After the war, when a wave of anti-Jewish violence swept the country, the WJC prevailed upon the Polish government to remove all obstacles faced by Jews who sought to leave the country and for the most part Jews were able to emigrate unhindered until about 1950.

Kreisky opposed Zionism as a solution to the problems faced by the Jewish people, claiming that Jews were not an ethnic group or race, but rather a religious group, even equating claims of the existence of the Jewish people as a distinctive nationality to Nazi claims of a Jewish race, and claiming that such ideas raised questions about Jewish dual loyalty.

Adolphe Cremieux and other French-Jewish leaders formed the Alliance to advocate for all Jews who faced such circumstances.

CAMERA argues the Law of Return is justified under the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination Article I ( 4 ), which CAMERA argues allows for affirmative action, because of the discrimination Jews faced during the Holocaust. A stamp in a passport issuing holder Israeli citizenship based on Law of Return

Along with Italians, Irish and other Eastern and Southern Europeans, Jews faced discrimination in the United States in employment, education and social advancement.

Despite these attacks, very few Eastern European Jews returned to Europe for whatever privations they faced here, their situation in the US was still improved.

In the first half of the 20th century, Jews in the United States faced discrimination in employment, in access to residential and resort areas, in the membership of clubs and organizations and in tightened quotas on Jewish enrollment and teaching positions in colleges and universities.

In a 2005 U. S. governmental report, antisemitism is defined as " hatred toward Jews — individually and as a group — that can be attributed to the Jewish religion and / or ethnicity.

Some scholars favor the unhyphenated form antisemitism to avoid possible confusion involving whether the term refers specifically to Jews, or to Semitic-language speakers as a whole.

Luther's complaints against the book carried past the point of scholarly critique and may reflect Luther's antisemitism, which is disputed, such as in the biography of Luther by Derek Wilson, which points out that Luther's anger at the Jews was not at their race but at their theology.

Antisemitism has been described as primarily hatred against Jews as a race with its modern expression rooted in 19th century racial theories, while anti-Judaism is described as hostility to Jewish religion, but in Western Christianity it effectively merged into antisemitism during the 12th century.

In his Addresses to the German Nation ( 1808 ), a series of speeches delivered in Berlin under French occupation, he urged the German peoples to " have character and be German "-- entailed in his idea of Germanness was antisemitism, since he argued that " making Jews free German citizens would hurt the German nation.

Although many regulations that discriminated against non-Christians — including Jews and other minority groups — had been eliminated during the unification of Germany in 1871, antisemitism continued to exist and thrive in Germany and other parts of Europe.

Following widespread pogroms and antisemitism, millions of Jews began leaving Eastern Europe in the late 19th century, mainly for the United States, with a small percentage heading for Israel.

Between 1924 and 1929, 82, 000 more Jews arrived ( 4th Aliyah ), fleeing antisemitism in Poland and Hungary and because the United States Immigration Act of 1924 now kept Jews out.

The term gained much currency in the 1940s, promoted by groups which evolved into the National Conference of Christians and Jews, to fight antisemitism by expressing a more inclusive idea of American values rather than just Christian or Protestant.

Dennis Prager, author of popular books on Judaism and antisemitism, Nine Questions People ask about Judaism ( with Joseph Telushkin ) and Why the Jews?

The Jewish Defense League ( JDL ) is a Jewish far-right organization whose stated goal is to " protect Jews from antisemitism by whatever means necessary ".

Eckardt insisted that Christian repentance must include a reexamination of basic theological attitudes toward Jews and the New Testament in order to deal effectively with antisemitism.

According to Rabbi Michael J. Cook, Professor of Intertestamental and Early Christian Literature at the Hebrew Union College, there are ten themes in the New Testament that are the greatest sources of anxiety for Jews concerning Christian antisemitism.

After almost two millennia of existence of the Jewish diaspora without a national state, the Zionist movement was founded in the late 19th century by secular Jews, largely as a response by Ashkenazi Jews to rising antisemitism in Europe, exemplified by the Dreyfus affair in France and the Anti-Jewish pogroms in the Russian Empire.

Green meets with magazine publisher John Minify ( Albert Dekker ), who asks Green, a gentile, to write an article on antisemitism (" some people don't like other people just because they're Jews ").

Critics have accused the Institute of antisemitism and having links to neo-Nazi organizations, and assert that its primary focus is denying key facts of Nazism and the genocide of Jews and others.

The antisemitism and injustice revealed in France by the conviction of Alfred Dreyfus had a radicalizing effect on Herzl, persuading him that Jews, despite the Enlightenment and Jewish assimilation, could never hope for fair treatment in European society.

However, not all Jews saw the Dreyfus Affair as evidence of antisemitism in France.

Arndt also mingles his hatred of the French with antisemitism, calling the French " the Jewish people ( das Judenvolk )", or " refined bad Jews ( verfeinerte schlechte Juden )".

In 1992, Irving stated that "... the Jews are very foolish not to abandon the gas chamber theory while they still have time " and claimed he " foresees a new wave of antisemitism " the world over due to Jewish " exploitation of the Holocaust myth ".

" Reviewer Sheldon Richman explains that for Shahak, Zionism was both a reflection of, and capitulation to, European antisemitism, " since it, like the anti-Semites, holds that Jews are everywhere aliens who would best be isolated from the rest of the world.

" Abramson wrote that " in mainstream usage the word has come to imply an act of antisemitism ", since whilst " Jews have not been the only group to suffer under this phenomenon, ... historically Jews have been frequent victims of such violence.