Then, during the second and the fourth Yanxi years in the reign of Emperor Huan and 161 CE, and frequently since, foreigners have arrived sea at the frontiers of Rinan just south of Jiaozhi to present offerings.

The Liangshu states: < p >" The merchants of this country Da Qin or the Roman Empire frequently visit Funan the Mekong delta, Rinan ( Annam ) and Jiaozhi the Red River delta near modern Hanoi ; but few of the inhabitants of these southern frontier states have come to Da Qin.

* Kang Senghui ( 247 – 280 ), born in Jiaozhi ( or Chiao-chih ) close to modern Hanoi in what was then the extreme south of the Chinese empire, and a son of a Sogdian merchant

* A merchant from the Roman Empire called " Qin Lun " by the Chinese, arrives in Jiaozhi ( modern Hanoi ) and is taken to see Sun Quan, king of Eastern Wu, who requests him to make a report on his native country and people.

The Song Dynasty withdrew their troops yet would not recognize Lê Hoàn as Prince of Jiaozhi until 12 years later ; nevertheless, he is referred to in his realm as Đại Hành Emperor ( Đại Hành Hoàng Đế ).

Harassed by both Song and the Jiaozhi in modern Vietnam, the Zhuang leader Nong Zhigao led a revolt in 1052 for which he is still remembered by the Zhuang people.

Harassed by both Song and the Jiaozhi in modern Vietnam, the Zhuang leader Nong Zhigao led a revolt in 1052 for which he is still remembered by the Zhuang people.

* Ma Yuan-father of Empress Ma, consort of Emperor Ming of Han, a major general of Emperor Guangwu of Han who led the expedition to Jiaozhi ( today's northern Vietnam )

The Chinese domain was also extended into Inner Mongolia and Manchuria to the north, and with naval expeditions sent to the south, the indigenous Baiyue of modern-day Guangdong and northern Vietnam ( the latter called Jiaozhi, and then Annam during the Tang Dynasty ) were also quelled and brought under Chinese rule.

By 1414, the Ming was sufficiently well-entrenched in the north of Ðại Việt to allow it to push further, establishing four further subprefectures in a region south of Jiaozhi, which had formerly been administered by Ðại Việt and still free from Chinese influence, as well as some parts of northern border of Champa.

Citing the fact that both the Zhuang and Thai peoples have the same exonym for the Vietnamese, kɛɛu < sup > A1 </ sup >, Jerold A. Edmondson of the University of Texas, Arlington posited that the split between Zhuang and the Southwest Tai languages happened no earlier than the founding of Jiaozhi ( 交址 ) in Vietnam in 112 BC, but no later than the 5th – 6th century AD.

Citing the fact that both the Zhuang and Thai peoples have the same exonym for the Vietnamese, kɛɛuA1, Jerold A. Edmondson of the University of Texas, Arlington posited that the split between Zhuang ( a Central Tai language ) and the Southwest Tai languages happened no earlier than the founding of Jiaozhi ( 交址 ) in Vietnam in 112 BCE but no later than the 5th – 6th century.

A maritime route opened up with the Chinese-controlled Jiaozhi ( centred in modern Vietnam ) and the Khmer kingdom of Funan by the 2nd century, if not earlier.

Shi Xie ( 137-226 ), style name Weiyan, was a Chinese official in Jiaozhi, present-day Vietnam during the late Han Dynasty and Three Kingdoms period of Chinese history.

He had destroyed Jiaozhi traditional bronze drums in order to build the bronze column in Nam Quan, next to the border of Jiaozhi and China.

Jiaozhi ( or, ; ) was the name of all or part of Vietnam's territory, from the Hùng Vương era to the middle of the Third Chinese domination ( c. 7th-10th centuries ), and during the Fourth Chinese domination ( 1407-1427 ).

The Liangshu records the arrival in 226 AD of a merchant from the Roman Empire ( Da Qin ) at Jiaozhi ( near modern Hanoi ).

On numerous occasions in the 1420s, it was necessary to arrange transport of grain from Guangdong and Guangxi into Jiaozhi.

After Shi's death, Sun Quan thought the Jiaozhi region was too far away and made it an autonomous province.

During the 5th year of the Huangwu period of the reign of Sun Quan CE 226 a merchant of Da Qin, whose name was Qin Lun came to Jiaozhi ; the prefect of Jiaozhi, Wu Miao, sent him to Sun Quan Wu emperor, who asked him for a report on his native country and its people.

The year 1407 also saw a new Maritime Trade Supervisorate being established at Yuntun ( Vandon ) City in Jiaozhi, while two new such offices were established at Xinping ( 新平 ) and Shunhua ( 順化 ) in 1408.

* Shi Xie, ruler of Jiaozhi during the late Han Dynasty ( d. 226 )

In addition, eunuchs were sent to Jiaozhi with the task of collecting treasure for the Emperor, but an equal amount of treasure collection appears to have been done for themselves.

The Hongxi Emperor objected to the re-sending of the eunuch Ma Qi to Jiaozhi, when he attempted to have himself reappointed to control the gold, silver, aromatics and pearls of the region in 1424.

* Shi Xie, ruler of Jiaozhi ( b. 137 )

During the short-lived dynasty, the Chams to the south resumed raids against the region of Jiaozhi, perceiving the dynasty to be weak.

Jiaozhi was proposed by Ferdinand von Richthofen in 1877 to have been the port known to the geographer Ptolemy and the Romans as Kattigara or Cattigara, situated near modern Hanoi.

Ma Yuan had made a most brutal assimilation of Yue people to Han dynasty, destroyed all the history & culture of Jiaozhi ( Việt ) people.

The Prefect of Jiaozhi sent him to Sun Quan Wu ( kingdom ) emperor, who asked him for a report on his native country and its people.

Jiaozhi was proposed by Ferdinand von Richthofen in 1877 to have been the port known to the geographer Ptolemy and the Romans as Kattigara or Cattigara, situated near modern Hanoi.

After the Western Han Dynasty defeated Nanyue, its territory was divided into the seven commanderies of Nanhai, Cangwu, Yulin, Hepu, Jiaoche, Jiuzhen, and Rinan.

In 166 CE the first Roman envoy ( s ) sent by " the king of Da Qin Roman Empire, Andun ( Marcus Aurelius Antoninus, r. 161-180 CE )", reached Luoyang after arriving by sea in Rinan Commandery in what is now central Vietnam.

As early as the third century AD in ancient China, the chronicle Nan zhou yi wu zhi ( Strange things from the South ) written by Wa Zhen of the Eastern Wu Dynasty mentioned agarwood produced in the Rinan commandery, now Central Vietnam, and how people collected it in the mountains.

* A Roman envoy arrives by sea in Rinan commandery in southern China ( central Vietnam ).

After noting Tianzhu envoys coming by sea through Rinan ( 日南, Central Vietnam ) and presenting tribute to Emperor He of Han ( r. 89-105 CE ) and Emperor Huan of Han ( r. 147-167 CE ), it summarizes the first " hard evidence " about Prince Ying and " official " story about Emperor Ming:

The Qin conquered parts of present day Central Vietnam at the end of the 3rd century BCE, and administered the indigenous peoples of the area through a commandery, Rinan, for several centuries.

The riches and influence of the Bailiwick ( especially after augmentation by properties of the suppressed Order of the Temple ) were so sizeable that, in 1382, the Prior of the German Langue ( the eight territorial " Tongues " of the mediaeval Order of Saint John were its major subdivisions ) in what became known as the Accord of Heimbach recognized the right of the Bailiwick of Brandenburg to choose its own governor ( the Bailiff of Brandenburg, more commonly called the Herrenmeister ) and preceptors ( the commanders of the commanderies constituting the Bailiwick ).

Priory is also used to refer to the geographic headquarters of several commanderies of knights.

The whole of China was now divided into administrative units: first commanderies, then districts ( 縣, Xiàn ), counties ( 鄉, Xiāng ) and hundred-family units ( 里, Li ).

The border commanderies ' military objectives and their value to the state were now greater than those of a county.

The order, having reached its apogee of prosperity, now held sway over fifty-six commanderies and sixteen priories, or cures, distributed between the Diocese of Jaén and the Vicariate of Ciudad Real.

The Swedish and Dutch commanderies separated from the direct oversight of the Bailiwick ( though continuing in loose association with it through the Alliance ) in 1946, and two years later the Bailiwick itself began to admit commoners to knighthood ( the Finnish commandery, however, remains a purely noble society, as do the now independent Swedish and Dutch commanderies ).