Other correspondents include her various confessors, among them Raymond of Capua, the kings of France and Hungary, the infamous mercenary John Hawkwood, the Queen of Naples, members of the Visconti family of Milan, and numerous religious figures.

The White Company, comprising men-at-arms and longbowmen and commanded by Sir John Hawkwood, is the best known English Free Company of the 14th century.

* 1387 – Battle of Castagnaro: English condottiero Sir John Hawkwood leads Padova to victory in a factional clash with Verona.

Funerary Monument to Sir John Hawkwood

In 1436 he was given the commission for the monochromatic fresco of Sir John Hawkwood.

* Funerary Monument to Sir John Hawkwood ( c. 1436 ) -

** John Hawkwood, English mercenary ( d. 1394 )

** John Hawkwood, English mercenary ( b. 1320 )

* March 11 – Battle of Castagnaro between the Italian cities of Verona and Padua: Padua, led by John Hawkwood, is victorious over Giovanni Ordelaffi of Verona.

In 1387 John Hawkwood won the Battle of Castagnaro for Padua, against Giovanni Ordelaffi, for Verona.

The White Company commanded by Sir John Hawkwood is the best known English Free Company of the 14th century.

A century or so later, in the hands of writers such as Jean Froissart, Miguel Cervantes and William Shakespeare, the fictional knight Tirant lo Blanch and the real-life condottieri John Hawkwood would be juxtaposed against the fantastical Don Quixote and the carousing Sir John Falstaff.

File: Firenze. Duomo. Hawkwood. JPG | Sir John Hawkwood ( fresco in the Duomo, Florence )

This time it was recaptured by Breton troops of Giovanni Acuto ( the English-born condottiere John Hawkwood ) under the command of Robert, Cardinal of Geneva, ( later antipope Clement VII ).

Free company mercenary captains, such as Sir John Hawkwood, Roger de Flor of Catalan Company or Hugh Calveley could be considered as warlords.

Charles, who counted on the mercenary companies under John Hawkwood and Bartolomeo d ' Alviano, for a total of some 14, 000 men, was able to divert the French from Naples to other regions of the kingdom and to harass them with guerrilla tactics.

In 1456 he executed in the Cathedral the fresco of the Equestrian Statue of Niccolò da Tolentino, paralleling the similar painting by Paolo Uccello portraying John Hawkwood.

* Funerary Monument to Sir John Hawkwood by Paolo Uccello ( 1436 ).

The year 1387 is also the year of the famous Battle of Castagnaro, between Giovanni Ordelaffi, for Verona, and John Hawkwood, for Padua, who was the winner.

Funerary Monument to Sir John Hawkwood ( 1436 ) in the Florence Cathedral, by Paolo Uccello.

On the conclusion ( 1360 ) of the Peace of Bretigny between England and France, Sir John Hawkwood led an army of English mercenaries, called the White Company, into Italy, which took a prominent part in the confused wars of the next thirty years.

In 1363, Count von Landau was betrayed by his Hungarian soldiers, and defeated in combat, by the White Company ’ s more advanced tactics under commanders Albert Sterz and John Hawkwood.

* “ Sir ” John Hawkwood ( Giovanni Acuto, c. 1320-1394 )

They are first mentioned in the papal bulls Extravagantes of Pope John XXII and of Pope Benedict XII.

In 1008, after long negotiations with the Bishops of Würzburg and Eichstätt, who were to cede portions of their dioceses, the boundaries of the new diocese were defined, and Pope John XVIII granted the papal confirmation in the same year.

The canonization of Saint Udalric, Bishop of Augsburg, by Pope John XV in 999 is the first undoubted example of a papal canonization of a saint from outside Rome ( Some historians maintain that the first such canonization was that of Saint Swibert by Pope Leo III in 804 ).

However, Pope John Paul I chose not to be crowned and opted for a simpler papal inauguration ceremony, and his two successors followed that example.

* Centesimus Annus ( 1991 ) papal encyclical by Pope John Paul II

Whether and how far the council was confirmed by Pope John VIII is also a matter of dispute: The council was held in the presence of papal legates, who approved of the proceedings, Roman Catholic historian Fr.

Otto marched on Rome and drove John XII from the papal throne and for years controlled the election of the pope, setting a firm precedent for imperial control of the papacy for years to come.

In order to remarry, John first needed to abandon Isabel, Countess of Gloucester, his first wife ; John accomplished this by arguing that he had failed to get the necessary papal permission to marry Isabel in the first place – as a cousin, John could not have legally wed her without this.

John treated the interdict as " the equivalent of a papal declaration of war ".

John finally negotiated terms for a reconciliation, and the papal terms for submission were accepted in the presence of the papal legate Pandulph in May 1213 at the Templar Church at Dover.

John was optimistic, as he had successfully built up alliances with the Emperor Otto, Renaud of Boulogne and Count Ferdinand of Flanders ; he was enjoying papal favour ; and he had successfully built up substantial funds to pay for the deployment of his experienced army.

John appears to have been playing for time until Pope Innocent III could send letters giving him explicit papal support.

Meanwhile, in Italy, the Pope had used Frederick's excommunication as an excuse to invade his Italian territories ; the papal armies were led by Frederick's former father-in-law John of Brienne.

* 1377 – Pope Gregory XI issues five papal bulls to denounce the doctrines of English theologian John Wycliffe.

He saw it as an affront to the Church's authority over the King and the ' papal territories ' of England and Ireland, and he released John from his oath to obey it.

The current regulations regarding a papal interregnum — that is, a sede vacante (" vacant seat ")— were promulgated by John Paul II in his 1996 document Universi Dominici Gregis.

Although the description " servant of the servants of God " was also used by other Church leaders, including St. Augustine and St. Benedict, it was first used extensively as a papal title by Pope St. Gregory the Great, reportedly as a lesson in humility for Patriarch of Constantinople John the Faster, who had assumed the title " Ecumenical Patriarch ".

Pope John XXIII was the last pope to use full papal ceremony, some of which was abolished after Vatican II, while the rest fell into disuse.

When Petrus Hispanus was elected pope in 1276 and chose the papal name John, he decided to correct this error by skipping the number XX.

Fournier succeeded Pope John XXII as Pope in 1334, being elected on the first ballot of the papal conclave.

Otto II chose Peter of Pavia, who took the papal name of John the Fourteenth, to be elected as the new pope.

The death of Pope John XIV meant that Boniface was the only remaining pope, and so he once again took a hold of the papal throne.