Casuists, like Albert Jonsen and Stephen Toulmin ( The Abuse of Casuistry 1988 ), challenge the traditional paradigm of applied ethics.

In their observations of medical ethics committees, Jonsen and Toulmin note that a consensus on particularly problematic moral cases often emerges when participants focus on the facts of the case, rather than on ideology or theory.

It was not until publication of The Abuse of Casuistry: A History of Moral Reasoning ( 1988 ), by Albert Jonsen and Stephen Toulmin, that a revival of casuistry occurred.

A good reference, analyzing the methodological structure of casuistic argument, is The Abuse of Casuistry: A History of Moral Reasoning ( 1990 ), by Albert Jonsen and Stephen Toulmin ( ISBN 0-520-06960-9 ).

* Jonsen, Albert R. and Stephen Toulmin ( 1988 ).

The former Jesuit priest Albert Jonsen writes that politician Robert Drinan was influenced by the position of Murray, a position that " distinguished between the moral aspects of an issue and the feasibility of enacting legislation about that issue.

The earliest known example of the hardingfele is from 1651, made by Ole Jonsen Jaastad in Hardanger, Norway.

Jonsen ( 1986 ), is one way to address distributional issues.

As a result of Garrard's relationship with Toulmin, he began to accept some tenets of Unitarianism, specifically the doctrines of Socinianism.

Toulmin's theories resolve to avoid the defects of absolutism without resorting to relativism: relativism, Toulmin asserted, provides no basis for distinguishing between a moral or immoral argument.

Hart and the speech act linguist John L. Austin, Stephen Toulmin in rhetoric ( Chaim Perelman too ), the moral theorists W. D.

Toulmin has argued that absolutism ( represented by theoretical or analytic arguments ) has limited practical value.

" The flaw of absolutism, Toulmin believes, lies in its unawareness of the field-dependent aspect of argument ; absolutism assumes that all aspects of argument are field invariant.

In an attempt to provide solutions to the problems of absolutism and relativism, Toulmin attempts throughout his work to develop standards that are neither absolutist nor relativist for assessing the worth of ideas.

" The philosopher Stephen E. Toulmin has said that an argument is a claim on our attention and belief, a view that would seem to authorize treating, say, propaganda posters as arguments.

When first proposed, this layout of argumentation is based on legal arguments and intended to be used to analyze the rationality of arguments typically found in the courtroom ; in fact, Toulmin did not realize that this layout would be applicable to the field of rhetoric and communication until his works were introduced to rhetoricians by Wayne Brockriede and Douglas Ehninger.

* Stephen Toulmin was a philosopher whose models of argumentation have had great influence on modern rhetorical theory.

Toulmin and Goodfield ( 1965 ), commented on Avicenna's contribution: " Around A. D. 1000, Avicenna was already suggesting a hypothesis about the origin of mountain ranges, which in the Christian world, would still have been considered quite radical eight hundred years later ".

In 1851, Joshua Toulmin Smith saved the Old Crown from demolition when the Corporation proposed demolishing the building in order to " improve the street ".

Examples include the blank map, the Bellman's contradictory navigational orders, the Baker's name-loss and failure to settle on one replacement-name, his failing to mention his luggage, his attempt to communicate in the wrong languages, the Banker's absurd offer to protect the Beaver from being butchered by insuring it against fire and hail, the Butcher's self-nullifying arithmetical manipulations, the Court officers ' unwillingness to fulfil their lawful obligations, the Banker's ridiculous attempt to bribe a predatory beast with money, and his subsequent aphasia.

It may even be read as sarcastic or ironic, pointing out that a life full of good health, opportunity and worldly experience may not offer any consolation to grief and the contradictory nature of the human condition.

" Black women's relationships to their bodies occur within overlapping cultural contexts that offer contradictory messages about their value and function ".

To point this out is, inevitably, to sound like something of a crank, and the accomplishment of this book is to offer its cranky author and his like-minded readers a suitably contradictory and ambiguous consolation: we're not alone.

Great numbers of Christian pilgrims visit Israel, especially in times of trouble for the Jewish state, to offer moral support, and return with an even greater sense of a shared Judeo-Christian heritage.

Eisner said that he declined the offer ; he described the decision as " one of the most difficult moral decisions of my life.

He even traveled to Prague a week before the invasion to offer moral support to his Czechoslovak counterpart, Alexander Dubček.

A similar idealist notion was expressed in the writings of Joseph Butler who argued that conscience is God-given, should always be obeyed, is intuitive, and should be considered the " constitutional monarch " and the " universal moral faculty ": " conscience does not only offer itself to show us the way we should walk in, but it likewise carries its own authority with it.

" The trilogy is read by many among those involved in the BDSM community, but Anne Rice told her biographer that she refused the offer to meet with its practitioners face-to-face, and in fact her brief encounters with " those people " resulted in the discontinuation of the Sleeping Beauty series after the third book, because of moral revulsion she felt when she was confronted with the actuality of the practice.

When he finishes, they ask repeatedly what the moral is, and when he admits that he doesn't know, they offer him gifts and promise that " No Matter What ," they'll always love him.

Cato the Younger, who presented himself as a paragon modeled after his moral namesake, allowed his pregnant wife Marcia to divorce him and marry Hortensius, declining to offer his young daughter to the 60-year-old orator instead.

There is also moral support that one can offer someone who is experiencing a difficult situation.

She leaves with the line, having realized that he has much more to offer, and the moral is presented: " To the vector belong the spoils.

We should offer an example of moral leadership in the world, committed to treat people humanely, abide by the rule of law, and be generous and caring to our neighbors.

Finally "... structuration theory cannot be expected to furnish the moral guarantees that critical theorists sometimes purport to offer.

In 1823, after eight years of work at high pressure, he was glad to accept the chair of moral philosophy at St Andrews University, the seventh academic offer made to him during his eight years in Glasgow.

And to acquire this kind of moral autonomy, where ones ceases to consider solely the material values, where one escapes from being the subject article of experimentation between the hands of society-a way-among others-is having the capacity to offer oneself in sacrifice.

MacIntyre's book ultimately conducts a complex series of both interior and exterior critiques of the encyclopaedic and genealogical positions in an attempt to vindicate philosophical Thomism as the most persuasive form of moral inquiry currently on offer.

Its purpose is to offer a holistic educational program that will motivate the student to value and achieve academic excellence within the context of commitment to moral and spiritual values ; to assist students in making their transitions from high school to higher education on various levels ; to assist students in preparation for varied vocations in life ; to prepare future leaders for their distinct communities and the world at large.

Other ethical issues ( shared with genetic engineering in general ) involve the legal and moral status of a hybrid individual or race, whether the decision-making power over its creation should lie with governments or individuals, whether a distinction should be drawn between strictly medical treatments ( restoring lost function ) and those enhancing humans above some " normal " standard, whether medical ethics allow doctors to offer parahuman-related treatments, and whether xenotransplantation poses risks of cross-species disease transfer.

" Sivaraksa also explains that many Buddhists understand religion and politics “ as two interrelated spheres ,” implying that government should adhere to the moral and ethical values that Buddhism, or any religion, has to offer.

These works offer an analysis and criticism of the legal, political, moral, and epistemological assumptions that underlie much of modern thought.

This enabled Torrance to offer a theology that was at once full of depth and meaning and yet joyful and hopeful because he knew that Jesus was no mere moral example of the good life, but God himself who suffered the God-forsakenness associated with human enmity against God on the cross out of unconditional love for humanity, and did so effectively precisely because he was the Word of God incarnate.

Sara auditions for Juilliard for the second time, and Derek arrives at a crucial point to offer encouragement and moral support.

Win Tin visited family members of political prisoners to offer moral support.

By contrast, the inability to control a particular frailty which resulted in the creation of the risk may offer a moral excuse for having brought about that risk.

Stevens later testified that Ratu Inoke Takiveikata, the Qaranivalu, a senior chief of Naitasiri Province and a Senator and former Cabinet Minister, had visited the barracks during the mutiny to offer moral and practical support, which included supplying the mutineers with cellphones.