The true beginning of atomic physics is marked by the discovery of spectral lines and attempts to describe the phenomenon, most notably by Joseph von Fraunhofer.

* Joseph von Hazzi ( 1768 – 1845 ): Bavarian Privy Councillor

* 1873 – Austrian explorers Julius von Payer and Karl Weyprecht discover the archipelago of Franz Joseph Land in the Arctic Sea.

However, the details of the story are at best uncertain ( see for discussion of the original Wolfgang Sartorius von Waltershausen source and the changes in other versions ); some authors, such as Joseph Rotman in his book A first course in Abstract Algebra, question whether it ever happened.

The first duke was also honoured with Imperial titles: Emperor Joseph I created him a Prince of the Holy Roman Empire in 1704, and in 1705, he was created Imperial Prince of Mindelheim ( once the lordship of the noted soldier Georg von Frundsberg ).

Joseph von Mering and Oskar Minkowski made the observation in 1889 that removing the pancreas surgically led to an increase in blood sugar, followed by a coma and eventual death — symptoms of diabetes mellitus.

Through such people as Nikola Tesla, Galileo Ferraris, Oliver Heaviside, Thomas Edison, Ottó Bláthy, Ányos Jedlik, Sir Charles Parsons, Joseph Swan, George Westinghouse, Ernst Werner von Siemens, Alexander Graham Bell and Lord Kelvin, electricity was turned from a scientific curiosity into an essential tool for modern life, becoming a driving force for the Second Industrial Revolution.

The longest single English translation was published in 1834 by Ritter Joseph von Hammer-Purgstall, an Austrian Orientalist ; it may be found under the name " Evliya Efendi.

Ritter Joseph von Hammer.

Moving images were produced on revolving drums and disks in the 1830s with independent invention by Simon von Stampfer ( Stroboscope ) in Austria, Joseph Plateau ( Phenakistoscope ) in Belgium and William Horner ( zoetrope ) in Britain.

* 1797 – Joseph von Radowitz, Prussian statesman and general ( d. 1853 )

* 1727 – Nikolaus Joseph von Jacquin, Austrian scientist ( d. 1817 )

* 1826 – Joseph Victor von Scheffel, German poet ( d. 1886 )

Some Catholics, mainly of German language and largely inspired by the historian Johann Joseph Ignaz von Döllinger ( who did not formally join the new group ) formed the separate Old Catholic Church in protest.

There, he received a liberal education at the Lyceum, and Karl J. Windischmann drew his attention to the languages and literature of the East ( Windischmann, along with Georg Friedrich Creuzer, Johann Joseph von Görres, and the brothers Schlegel, expressed great enthusiasm for Indian wisdom and philosophy ).

Important figures in the first years were – among others – Petra Kelly, Lukas Beckmann, Rudolf Bahro, Joseph Beuys, Antje Vollmer, Rudi Dutschke, Undine von Blottnitz, Joschka Fischer, Herbert Gruhl and Baldur Springmann.

Aside from Hoffmann and de la Motte Fouqué, three other important authors from the era were Joseph Freiherr von Eichendorff ( The Marble Statue, 1819 ), Ludwig Achim von Arnim ( Die Majoratsherren, 1819 ) and Adelbert von Chamisso ( Peter Schlemihls wundersame Geschichte, 1814 ).

He also worked on the scripts for Honesty-The Best Policy in 1926 and Joseph von Sternberg's Underworld in 1927, famous for being one of the first gangster film.

The term was originally coined by Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph von Schelling ( 1775 – 1854 ) to depict early stages of monotheism, however Max Müller ( 1823 – 1900 ), a German philologist and orientalist, brought the term into common usage.

Following the Allied invasion of Italy and the fall of Benito Mussolini in September, he and Joachim von Ribbentrop raised with Hitler the possibility of secretly approaching Joseph Stalin and negotiating a separate peace behind the backs of the western Allies.

* 1826 – Joseph von Fraunhofer, German physicist ( b. 1787 )

* 1757 – Battle of Kolín between Prussian forces under Frederick the Great and an Austrian army under the command of Field Marshal Count Leopold Joseph von Daun in the Seven Years ' War.

During the Molotov – Ribbentrop Pact negotiations, Ribbentrop was overjoyed by a report from his Ambassador in Moscow, Count Friedrich Werner von der Schulenburg, of a speech by the Soviet leader Joseph Stalin before the 18th Party Congress in March 1939 that was strongly anti-Western, which Schulenburg reported meant that the Soviet Union might be seeking an accord with Germany.

** Joseph von Führich, Austrian painter ( d. 1876 )

* Joseph von Führich – Jacob encountering Rachel with her father's herd

A depiction of Cleopas as one of the disciples who met Jesus during the Road to Emmaus appearance, by Joseph von Führich, 1837.

In Jacob encountering Rachel with her father's herd, Joseph von Führich attempts to recapture the mood of Perugino and Raphael, 1836 ( Österreichische Galerie, Vienna )

In 1827 they were joined by Joseph von Führich ( 1800 – 1876 ) ( illustration above right ).

* Joseph von Führich

After ten years delay, the overtaxed and enfeebled painter delegated the completion of the frescoes to his friend Joseph von Führich.

Joseph von Führich

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Mary Magdalene at the tomb, by Joseph von Führich

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* Joseph von Führich – Triumph of Christ ( Raczyński Palace, Berlin )

In Jacob encountering Rachel with her father's herd, Joseph von Führich attempted to recapture the mood of Perugino and Raphael, 1836 ( Österreichische Galerie, Vienna ).

They met up with Austrian romantic landscape artist Joseph Anton Koch ( 1768 – 1839 ) who became an unofficial tutor to the group and in 1827 they were joined by Joseph von Führich ( 1800 – 76 ).